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Anatomy CP > Histology of Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Histology of Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Classify the epithelium of the nasal cavity

A
  • Pseudostratified, columnar, ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
  • Respiratory epithelium
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2
Q

Classify the epithelium of the oropharynx

A
  • Stratified, squamous non-keratinised epithelium
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3
Q

What are the histological features of the pharynx?

A
  • Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
  • Lamina propria, with elastic fibres
  • Muscularis consisting of skeletal muscle
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4
Q

Classify the epithelium that lines most of the larynx

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
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5
Q

Classify the epithelium of the free edges of the epiglottis, vestibular folds and true vocal cords

A
  • Stratified, non-keratinised squamous epithelium
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6
Q

Why does the oropharynx have particular histological features?

A
  • Adaptive to resist mechanical shearing effects of food passing down it
  • Rapid regeneration of cells
  • Delicate cilia would be destroyed by mechanical shearing
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7
Q

What are the features of the trachea?

A
  • C-rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse

- Trachealis on posterior aspect to allow partial constriction during coughing and food passage down oesophagus

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8
Q

Describe the sub-mucosa of the trachea

A
  • Loose CT
  • Tracheal glands- mixed (serous and mucosal) glands
  • Blood vessels and ducts
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9
Q

Describe the cartilage and smooth muscle layer of the trachea

A
  • C-shaped hyaline cartilage having perichondrium and chondrocytes
  • Ends of cartilage connected by smooth muscles
  • Adventitia- fibro-elastic tissue
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10
Q

What is the histology of the bronchus like?

A
  • Same as trachea
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11
Q

Describe the histology of the secondary/lobar bronchus?

A
  • Irregular hyaline cartilage

- Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

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12
Q

Describe the histology of the tertiary/segmental bronchus

A
  • Columnar epithelium

- Patches of cartilage

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13
Q

What is the difference in histology between tertiary/segmental bronchi and earlier generations?

A
  • Number of goblet cells reduced (epithelium)
  • Number of glands reduced in submucosa
  • Cartilage is present in irregular plates
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14
Q

Describe the histological layers of a segmental bronchus

A
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Tunica submucosa (with bronchial glands)
  • Hyaline
  • Tunica adventitia
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15
Q

What defines a bronchiole structurally?

A
  • When airways reach a diameter of 1mm or less, walls lack of cartilage- called bronchioles
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16
Q

How does the intrapulmonary bronchial tree distinguish from extra pulmonary?

A
  • Reduction from C-rings of hyaline cartilage to plates of hyaline cartilage
  • As IP bronchioles become smaller, respiratory epithelium decreases in height to become cuboidal epithelium at terminal bronchioles and similarly, goblet cells become fewer and glands
17
Q

Describe the lamina propria of small bronchioles

A
  • No glands

- Surrounded by smooth muscle

18
Q

Describe the histology of terminal bronchioles

A
  • Last generation of conductive airways
  • Divide into respiratory bronchioles
  • Thinner mucosa
  • Simple, cuboidal epithelium
  • Few ciliated cells
  • Clara cells
  • No goblet cells
  • Thinner wall (thin smooth muscle and connective tissue)
19
Q

Describe the wall of terminal bronchioles

A
  • Solid look
  • No alveoli
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium (Clara and ciliated cells)
20
Q

Describe the wall of respiratory bronchioles

A
  • Interrupted look (wall associated alveoli)
  • Patches of simple cuboidal epithelium (Clara cells)
  • Separated by alveoli (simple squamous, type 1 cells)
21
Q

What are Clara cells?

A
  • Non-ciliated, non-mucous, secretory cells in RE

- Secrete several distinct proteins

22
Q

What are alveolar ducts?

A
  • Branch off from respiratory bronchioles and connect them to alveolar sacs
  • Show interrupted wall with typical smooth muscle cell bundles and scattered elastin fibres
  • At distal ends of ducts, bundles disappears, epithelium not low squamous epithelium
23
Q

What is the main component of alveolar ducts when they branch off from alveolar sacs?

A
  • Type 1 pneumocytes
  • Embedded are small capillaries that bulge into alveolar spaces
  • T2 pneumocytes secrete surfactant
24
Q

Describe the histology of the alveolus

A
  • Very thin nature
  • Type 1 alveolar cells
  • Larger type 2 alveolar cells (with lamellar bodies)
  • Dust cells
  • Numerous capillaries within inter alveolar septa
25
Q

By what process do type 2 pneumocytes release surfactant?

A
  • Exocytosis
26
Q

What is present in an inter alveolar septum?

A
  • Neutrophils within pulmonary capillary in septum

- Rich with elastic fibres

Anatomy CP (8 decks)

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