Lower Limb Joints

Question 1

What are the three types of joints

Answer 1

Fibrous joints (variable mobility)
Cartilaginous joints (limited mobility)
Synovial joints (highly mobile)

Question 2

What are examples of a fibrous joint

Answer 2

united by fibrous connective tissue

suture, supine tibiofibular joint

Question 3

What are examples of cartilaginous joints

Answer 3

united by hyaline cartilage
(1st sternocostal joint)
OR fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis).

Question 4

What are examples of synovial joints

Answer 4

united by joint capsule.

Most common in human body

Question 5

What do all synovial joints include

Answer 5

Joint capsule
joint cavity
synovial cartilage

Question 6

What is synovial cartilage

Answer 6

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each bone individually (no bone to bone contact)

Question 7

What is a joint capsule

Answer 7

two layers surrounds articulating bones.

Fibrous (SF) and Synovium (secretes synovial fluid)

Question 8

What is a joint cavity

Answer 8

defines potential space, filled with synovial fluid for lubrication and nutrition

Question 9

What is a bursa (synovial joint)

Answer 9

synovial structures with fibrous layer, synovium, and synovial fluid cavity. facilitates movement of structures crossing joints (ex. muscles)

Question 10

What is a tendon sheath

Answer 10

bursa that wrap around tendons i wrists and ankles

Question 11

What are articular discs

Answer 11

fibrocartilage pads between bones.
shock absorption
sternoclavicular joint

Question 12

What is a meniscus

Answer 12

C shaped cartilage between bones

medial/lateral menisci of the knee

Question 13

What is a labrum

Answer 13

rim of cartilage around margin of a bone

acetabular labrum

Question 14

What is a ligament

Answer 14

connective tissue crossing a joint
Extracapsular
capsular
intracapsular

Question 15

What is an extra capsular ligament

Answer 15

outside the joint capsule

Question 16

What is a capsular ligament

Answer 16

thickening of joint capsule

Question 17

What is an intracapsular ligament

Answer 17

inside joint capsule

Question 18

What are SI joints

Answer 18

they have fibrous and synovial features
Ilium covered in fibrocartilage
Sacrum covered with hyaline cartilage

Question 19

What are the intrinsic ligaments in the sacrum

Answer 19

Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments

Question 20

What are the extrinsic ligaments of the sacrum

Answer 20

Sacrotuberous ligament

Sacrospinous ligament

Question 21

What kind of joint is the hip joint

Answer 21

Ball and socket Synovial

Question 22

What are the ligament of the hip joint

Answer 22

Iliofemoral and Ischiofemoral- prevent hyperextension

Pubofemoral- prevents hyperabduction

Question 23

What are the regions of the acetabulum

Answer 23

Lunate surface, opened by acetabular notch

Acetabular labrum

Question 24

What enters the fovea capitis

Answer 24

Round ligament of the femur (holds femur to acetabulum)

Question 25

What supplies blood to the hip joint

Answer 25

acetabular branch of obturator artery

Question 26

What can a hip fracture damage

Answer 26

Medial circumflex artery leading to avascular necrosis (acetabular artery can't supply head fully

Question 27

What is the knee joint

Answer 27

Hinge synovial joint | Where femoral condyles and flat tibial condyles (plateau) communicate

Question 28

What does the patella slide in

Answer 28

Patellar grove on anterior aspect of femur

Question 29

What are the ligaments of the knee

Answer 29

Medial collateral ligament (prevent medial bowing) | Lateral collateral ligament (prevents lateral bowing)

Question 30

What does the ACL prevent

Answer 30

hyperextension | anterior tibia to posterior femur

Question 31

What does the PCL prevent

Answer 31

hyperflexion posterior tibia to anterior femur Main stabilizer of flexed, weight bearing knee

Question 32

What is in the "unhappy triad" injury

Answer 32

lateral force applied to knee, injuring ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus where it attaches to MCL

Question 33

What is the purpose of the menisci of the knee

Answer 33

improve contact and stabilize joint

Question 34

What is the proximal tibiofibular joint

Answer 34

Synovial

Question 35

What is the distal tibiofibular joint

Answer 35

Fibrous joint

Question 36

What is the talocrural joint

Answer 36

hinge synovial between distal tip/fib and talus | dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

Question 37

What is the subtalar joint

Answer 37

synovial joint between calcareous and talus (inversion/eversion)

Question 38

What makes up the medial collateral ligament

Answer 38

Deltoid ligament- Tibionavicular Tibiocalcaneal Anterior/posterior tibiotalar

Question 39

What doe the Deltoid ligament prevent

Answer 39

hypereversion

Question 40

What makes up the lateral collateral ligament

Answer 40

anterior/posterior talofibular | calcaneofibular

Question 41

What does the lateral collateral ligament prevent

Answer 41

Hyperinversion

Question 42

How does the weight of the body transfer

Answer 42

``` tibia talus calcaneus lateral foot border metatarsal heads hallux ```

Question 43

What are the arches of the foot

Answer 43

Medial longitudinal Lateral longitudinal Transverse arch

Question 44

What makes up the Medial longitudinal arch

Answer 44

``` calcaneous talus navicular 3 cuneiforms 1-3 metatarsal heads ```

Question 45

What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 45

calcaneous cuboid 4-5 metatarsal heads

Question 46

What makes up the transverse arch

Answer 46

3 cuneiforms cuboid base of all metatarsals

Question 47

What are arches maintained by

Answer 47

``` configuration of bone (keystone) plantar aponeurosis Tibialis posterior tendon Fibularis longus tendon Flexor hallucia/digitorum longus Ligaments of the foot ```

Question 48

What are the ligaments of the foot

Answer 48

Long plantar Short plantar Spring ligament

Question 49

What are MTP joints

Answer 49

Synovial joints capable of flexion/extension | abduction/adduction

Question 50

What are the MTP joint ligaments

Answer 50

Collateral ligaments Plantar ligaments Deep transverse ligaments

Question 51

What are the IP joints

Answer 51

hinge synovial joints capable of flexion/extension. | NO deep transverse ligaments