Lower Limb Joints Flashcards
What are the three types of joints
Fibrous joints (variable mobility) Cartilaginous joints (limited mobility) Synovial joints (highly mobile)
What are examples of a fibrous joint
united by fibrous connective tissue
suture, supine tibiofibular joint
What are examples of cartilaginous joints
united by hyaline cartilage (1st sternocostal joint) OR fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis).
What are examples of synovial joints
united by joint capsule.
Most common in human body
What do all synovial joints include
Joint capsule
joint cavity
synovial cartilage
What is synovial cartilage
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each bone individually (no bone to bone contact)
What is a joint capsule
two layers surrounds articulating bones.
Fibrous (SF) and Synovium (secretes synovial fluid)
What is a joint cavity
defines potential space, filled with synovial fluid for lubrication and nutrition
What is a bursa (synovial joint)
synovial structures with fibrous layer, synovium, and synovial fluid cavity. facilitates movement of structures crossing joints (ex. muscles)
What is a tendon sheath
bursa that wrap around tendons i wrists and ankles
What are articular discs
fibrocartilage pads between bones.
shock absorption
sternoclavicular joint
What is a meniscus
C shaped cartilage between bones
medial/lateral menisci of the knee
What is a labrum
rim of cartilage around margin of a bone
acetabular labrum
What is a ligament
connective tissue crossing a joint
Extracapsular
capsular
intracapsular
What is an extra capsular ligament
outside the joint capsule
What is a capsular ligament
thickening of joint capsule
What is an intracapsular ligament
inside joint capsule
What are SI joints
they have fibrous and synovial features
Ilium covered in fibrocartilage
Sacrum covered with hyaline cartilage
What are the intrinsic ligaments in the sacrum
Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
What are the extrinsic ligaments of the sacrum
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
What kind of joint is the hip joint
Ball and socket Synovial
What are the ligament of the hip joint
Iliofemoral and Ischiofemoral- prevent hyperextension
Pubofemoral- prevents hyperabduction
What are the regions of the acetabulum
Lunate surface, opened by acetabular notch
Acetabular labrum
What enters the fovea capitis
Round ligament of the femur (holds femur to acetabulum)
What supplies blood to the hip joint
acetabular branch of obturator artery
What can a hip fracture damage
Medial circumflex artery leading to avascular necrosis (acetabular artery can’t supply head fully
What is the knee joint
Hinge synovial joint
Where femoral condyles and flat tibial condyles (plateau) communicate
What does the patella slide in
Patellar grove on anterior aspect of femur
What are the ligaments of the knee
Medial collateral ligament (prevent medial bowing)
Lateral collateral ligament (prevents lateral bowing)
What does the ACL prevent
hyperextension
anterior tibia to posterior femur
What does the PCL prevent
hyperflexion
posterior tibia to anterior femur
Main stabilizer of flexed, weight bearing knee
What is in the “unhappy triad” injury
lateral force applied to knee, injuring ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus where it attaches to MCL
What is the purpose of the menisci of the knee
improve contact and stabilize joint
What is the proximal tibiofibular joint
Synovial
What is the distal tibiofibular joint
Fibrous joint
What is the talocrural joint
hinge synovial between distal tip/fib and talus
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
What is the subtalar joint
synovial joint between calcareous and talus (inversion/eversion)
What makes up the medial collateral ligament
Deltoid ligament-
Tibionavicular
Tibiocalcaneal
Anterior/posterior tibiotalar
What doe the Deltoid ligament prevent
hypereversion
What makes up the lateral collateral ligament
anterior/posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular
What does the lateral collateral ligament prevent
Hyperinversion
How does the weight of the body transfer
tibia talus calcaneus lateral foot border metatarsal heads hallux
What are the arches of the foot
Medial longitudinal
Lateral longitudinal
Transverse arch
What makes up the Medial longitudinal arch
calcaneous talus navicular 3 cuneiforms 1-3 metatarsal heads
What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch
calcaneous
cuboid
4-5 metatarsal heads
What makes up the transverse arch
3 cuneiforms
cuboid
base of all metatarsals
What are arches maintained by
configuration of bone (keystone) plantar aponeurosis Tibialis posterior tendon Fibularis longus tendon Flexor hallucia/digitorum longus Ligaments of the foot
What are the ligaments of the foot
Long plantar
Short plantar
Spring ligament
What are MTP joints
Synovial joints capable of flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
What are the MTP joint ligaments
Collateral ligaments
Plantar ligaments
Deep transverse ligaments
What are the IP joints
hinge synovial joints capable of flexion/extension.
NO deep transverse ligaments
