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Netters Upper Limb > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gluteal region and what does it contain?

A

It is the area of lower limb attachment to the axial skeleton. The bones of the gluteal region include the pelvis in the proximal end of the femur.

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2
Q

What is the thigh and what does it contain?

A

The thigh is between the hip and the knee joint. The bone of the thigh is the femur

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3
Q

What is the leg? what are the bones of the leg?

A

The legs are between the knee and ankle joints. The bones of the leg or the tibia and fibula

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4
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A

Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

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5
Q

What are the movements of the hip at a fixed pelvis?

A

Flexion, extension at the hip.

Abduction and adduction at the hip.

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6
Q

What are the movements of the hip on a fixed femur.

A

Flexion and extension at the hip (flexing and extending the back)

Abduction and adduction at the hip (moving your upper body sideways)

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7
Q

Describe the ligament of the head of the femur.

A

It runs from the acetabular fossa to the fovea of the head of the femur and encloses a branch of the obturator artery which is a source of blood supply to the hip joint.

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8
Q

Where is the iliofemoral ligament?

A

It is a Y shaped ligament continuous with the anterior part of the joint capsule that prevent hyperextension of the hip.

-STRONGEST ligament in the body

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9
Q

What is the pubofemoral ligament?

A

A triangular shaped ligament continuous with the anterior and inferior part of the joint capsule.
It prevents excessive abduction and extension

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10
Q

What is the ischiofemoral ligament? What

A

A Spiral shaped ligament continuous with the posterior part of the joint capsule that prevents hyper extension and helps to hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum.

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11
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Damage to either or both the medial and and lateral femoral circumflex that results loss of blood supply to hop resulting in avascular necrosis of the femoral head

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12
Q

What is the hip joint provided by? Which artery provide the majority of the supply?

A

The medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries.

The medial femoral circumflex provides the majority of the supply

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13
Q

What is the patellafemoral joint?

A

The patellofemoral joint is the articulation between the posterior aspect of the patella with the anterior aspect of the distal femur.

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14
Q

What movements to the knee joint allow for?

A

Flexion extension and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation of the femur and the tibia

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15
Q

Where is the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

It attaches to the anterior aspect of the tibia and the posterior aspect of the femur. It prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

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16
Q

What is the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

It attaches to the posterior aspect of the tibia in the anterior aspect of the femur. It prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur.

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17
Q

What is the tibia(medial) Collateral ligament?

A

A wide flat ligament found on the medial side of the knee joint extending between the medial epicondyles of the femur between medial condyle of the tibia helps to stabilize the knee joint.

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18
Q

What is the fibular (lateral) Collateral ligament?

A

A thin round ligament found on the lateral side of the knee joint extending between the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the head of the fibula. It helps to stabilize the knee joint.

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19
Q

What are the medial and lateral meniscus?

A

The are c shaped fibrocartilaginous structures Found in the knee joint. They have important roles in deepening the articular surface of the tibia which increases stability of the need joint and also act as shock absorbers

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20
Q

What are the three most commonly injured structures in the knee?

A

The medial collateral ligament, the medial meniscus and the anterior cruciate ligament

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21
Q

What is the unhappy triad of O’Donahue?

A

When all three: medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligaments are injured

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22
Q

What movements did the ankle joint allow for

A

Inversion and Eversion.

Plantarflexion and Dorsi flexion

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23
Q

What ligament is on the medial side of the ankle?

A

The deltoid ligament.

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24
Q

What are the three ligaments on the lateral side of the ankle?

A

The anterior talo fibular
The posterior Talofibular
And calcaneofibular

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25
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

It is the joint between the interior surface of the talus and a superior surface of the calcaneus

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26
Q

What are the movements that occurred at the subtalar joint

A

Inversion and Eversion of the foot

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27
Q

What are the superficial abductors and extensors of the femur

A

Gluteus Maximus, gluteus medium, gluteus minimums and tensor fascia

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28
Q

What nerve innervates the gluteus maximus?

A

The inferior gluteal nerve

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29
Q

What does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

Gluteus medium, gluteus minimums and tensor fascia Lata

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30
Q

What are the deep external rotators?

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris

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31
Q

What nerve intervates the piriformis?

A

The piriformis nerve

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32
Q

What does the obturator internus?

A

Obturator internus and the superior and inferior gemellus

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33
Q

What is the quadratus femoris innervated by?

A

The quadratus femoris

34
Q

What are the muscles of the gluteal region supplied by?

A

Branches of the superior and inferior gluteal arteries

35
Q

What do the anterior compartment muscles of the thigh do?

A

The extend the leg at the knee

36
Q

What is the anterior compartment of the thigh innervated by and supplied by?

A

The femoral nerve

The branches of the femoral and deep femoral arteries

37
Q

What does the medial compartment of the thigh do?

A

They adduct the thigh at the hip

38
Q

What is the medial compartment of the thigh innervated and supplied by?

A

Obturator nerve

Supplied by deep femoral and obturator arteries

39
Q

What do the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh do?

A

The flex the leg at the knee and extend the thigh at the hip.

40
Q

What is the posterior compartment of the thigh innervated and supplied by?

A

Sciatic nerve.

Supplied by branches of the deep femoral artery

41
Q

What does the anterior compartment of the leg do?

A

The dorsiflex, invert the foot and extend the toes

42
Q

What is the anterior compartment of the leg innervated by and supplied by?

A

Deep fibular nerve.

Supplied by branches of the anterior tibial artery

43
Q

What does the lateral compartment of the leg do?

A

Plantar flex and evert the foot

44
Q

What is the lateral compartment of the leg innervated and supplied by?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

Supplied by branches of the fibular artery

45
Q

What does the posterior compartment of the leg do?

A

Plantar flex, invert, and flex toes

46
Q

What is the posterior compartment innervated and supplied by?

A

Tibial nerve and supplied by branches of the posterior tibial artery.

47
Q

What spinal nerves do the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh come off of.

A

L2 and L3

48
Q

What spinal nerves does the femoral nerve come off of?

A

L2-L4

49
Q

What spinal nerves does the obturator nerve come off of?

A

L2-L4

50
Q

What spinal nerves does superior gluteal come off of?

A

L4-S1

51
Q

What spinal nerves do the inferior gluteal come off of?

A

L5-S2

52
Q

What spinal nerves does the sciatic come of of?

A

L4-S3

53
Q

What spinal nerves do the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve come from?

A

S1-S3

54
Q

What motor and sensory deficit’s come from damage of the femoral nerve?

A

Motor: deficits in flexing the thigh at the hip and extension of knee

Sensory: loss of sensation on the anterior thigh and the medial knee, leg and foot

55
Q

What motor and sensory deficits occur from damage to the obturator nerve?

A

Motor: deficits in adduction and external rotation of the thigh at the hip

Sensory: loss of sensation in a defined area of the medial thigh above the knee

56
Q

What motor and sensory deficits occur from damage to the superior gluteal nerve?

A

Motor: deficits in abduction of the thigh at the hip (or lateral flexion of the trunk on a fixed limb).
Hip drops when foot on uninsured side is raised and pt shifts weight of trunk to injured side to maintain center of gravity.

Sensory: none

57
Q

What motor and sensory deficits occur from a tibial nerve damage?

A

Motor: deficits of inversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the ankle and flexion of toes

Sensory: loss of sensation on the posterolatrral leg to the lateral malleolus, the sole and lateral side of the foot

58
Q

What nerve and sensory deficits occur from a superficial fibular nerve?

A

Motor: deficits of Eversion and plantarflexion of the foot

Sensory: loss of sensation over the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot

59
Q

What motor and sensory deficits occur from a deep fibular nerve damage?

A

Motor: deficits of inversion of foot, dorsiflexion if foot and extension of the toes

Sensory: loss of sensation in a triangular area of the skin between the 1st and 2nd toes

60
Q

What are the three main branches that the pro funds femoris artery gives off?

A

Perforating branches, lateral femoral circumflex artery, and medial femoral circumflex artery

61
Q

What do the perforating branches supply?

A

They perforate the adductor magnus, and supply muscles in the medial and posterior thigh

62
Q

What path does the lateral femoral circumflex artery take? What does it supply?

A

It wraps around the anterior, lateral side of the femur. Supplies some muscles on the lateral part of the thigh

63
Q

What path does the medial femoral circumflex artery take? What does it supply?

A

Wraps round the posterior side of the femur, supplying its neck and head.

64
Q

What does the popiteal artery divide into?

A

The anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries

65
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery branch into?

A

It gives off a small branch to the lateral part of the leg called the fibular (peoneal) artery and continued into the sole of the foot behind the medial malleolus.

66
Q

What are the two phases of the gait cycle?

A

Stance phase and swing phase.

67
Q

What is it for specific events of the stands phase?

A

Heel strike, foot flat, mid stance, heel off

68
Q

What are the three specific events of the swing phase?

A

Toe off, mid swing, heel strike

69
Q

What are the spinal cord levels for the preganglionic neuron’s of the sympathetic division

A

T1-L2

70
Q

What is the parasympathetic division origin of the preganglionic neurons?

A

S2-S4 and cranial III,VII, IX and X nuclei in the brain

71
Q

What is the preganglionjc neuron length in the sympathetic division?

A

Short

72
Q

What is the preganglionic length in the parasympathetic division?

A

Long

73
Q

What is the postganglionic neuron length in the sympathetic division?

A

Long

74
Q

What is the postganglionic length in the parasympathetic division?

A

Short

75
Q

Where does the anterior tibial artery pass? And what does it branch into?

A

Passes anteriorly through between the tibia and fibula through a gap in the interosseous membrane.
It then moves inferiorly down the leg, into the foot where it becomes the dorsalis pedis

76
Q

What does the hip do in stance phase?

A

Flexion to extension

77
Q

What does the knee do in the stance phase?

A

Extended to slight flexion

78
Q

What does the ankle do in the stance phase?

A

Dorsi flex to plantar flex

79
Q

What does the hip do in the swing phase?

A

Extension to flexion

80
Q

What does the knee do in the swing phase?

A

Flexion to extension

81
Q

What does the ankle do in the swing phase?

A

Plantar flex to dorsal flex

82
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

A joint between the inferior surface of the tali’s and the superior surface of the calcaneous.
Movements here are inversion and Eversion of the foot

Netters Upper Limb (21 decks)

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