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Netters Upper Limb > Cardiorespiratory Embryology > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the heart tube form?

A

In the third week of development 18-22 days

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2
Q

How is the heart tube formed?

A

Endocardial cells (angioblasts) differentiate from mesoderm and join to form a heart tube surrounded by myoblasts

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3
Q

As the heart tube expands how does the ventricular region move?

A

Ventrally, caudally and to the right

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4
Q

As the heart tube expands how does the atrial region move?

A

Dorsally, cranial and to the left

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5
Q

How do veins and aortic arches carry blood to the embryonic around 3.5 weeks?

A

A series of veins carry blood from the yolk sac (Vitelline veins), placenta (umbilical veins), and embryo (cardinal veins) to the heart

A series of aortic arches carry
blood from the heart to the paired dorsal aortae and then to the embryo

Some of the vessels degenerate, resulting in the normal anatomy of the great vessels

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6
Q

What are the single primitive atrium, ventricle, and outflow tract (truncus arteriosus) separated by and when does this happen?

A

Septa or walls between 27-37 days

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7
Q

What do the sinus venosus become?

What do pulmonary veins become?

A

Part become The sinus venarum of the right atrium while the proximal parts of the pulmonary veins become the smooth left atrium

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8
Q

When does the foramen primum form and how does it form?

A

At the end of the 4th week a septum grows from roof of the common atrium down toward the atrioventricular canal but it doesn’t form completely

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9
Q

How does separation of the atrioventricular canal occur?

A

It occurs when proliferating endocardial cells (called endocardial cushions) on the dorsal and ventral walls grow towards each other and fuse, separating the single opening into two

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10
Q

What tissue do the artioventricular valves form from?

A

Endocardial cushion tissue

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11
Q

How does septation of a ventricle occur?

A

By formation of a muscular and membranous septum.

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12
Q

How does the muscular part of the ventricular septum develop?

A

From myoblasts in the midline on the floor of the primitive ventricle and grows towards the fused endocardial cushions

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13
Q

What does the membranous part of the ventricular septum form from?

A

The fused endocardial cushions and the septum that separates the outflow tract

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14
Q

What is the most common congenital defect?

A

Membranous ventricular septal defect

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15
Q

When does septation of the outflow tract into the aorta and pulmonary tract occur?

A

Beginning in the 5th week when neural crest cells migrate into the endocardium of the truncus arteriosus

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16
Q

What do proliferating endochondral cells form?

A

They migrate to form the conotruncal (truncoconal) ridges

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17
Q

What is spiraling necessary for?

A

For the aorta to connect to the left ventricle and the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle

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18
Q

What are the deficits in formation of the aorticopulmonary septum?

A

Persistent truncus arteriosus (no septum forms), transposition of the great vessels (the septum doesn’t spiral), and tetralogy of fallot (the septum form asymmetrically)

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19
Q

What are the three shunts that deliver oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo?

A

Ductus venosus, foramen ovals, and ductus arteriosus

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20
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

Shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC, bypassing the liver

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21
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Shunts blood entering the right atrium from IVC to left atrium

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22
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to descending aorta, bypassing the lungs where the pressure is high due to amniotic fluid in the lungs

23
Q

Why do the shunts close after birth?

A

Partially due to pressure changes

24
Q

How does the pressure change on the left heart following birth?

A

It increases because the lungs fill with air, blood flows to the lungs, and returns to the left atrium

25
Q

How does pressure change on right side of heart following birth?

A

It decreases because the umbilical vein constricts

26
Q

How does the foramen ovale close?

A

It closes due to the septum primium and secundum being pushed together by increased pressure in the left atrium

27
Q

What does prostaglandin E2 from the placenta do?

A

It keeps the ductus arteriosus open

28
Q

What does the hormone bradykinin do?

A

It constricts the ductus arteriosus

29
Q

What replaces the ductus venosus after birth?

A

The ligamentun venosum

30
Q

What replaces the foramen ovale after birth?

A

The fossa ovale

31
Q

What replaces the ductus arteriosus after birth?

A

The ligamentum arteriosum

32
Q

What structural developments occur during week 3-6?

A

Lung bud from the foregut branches to form tertiary (segmental) bronchi

33
Q

What structural developments occur weeks 6-16?

A

This is the pseudogandular when bronchi branch to form terminal bronchioles

34
Q

What happens in the canalicular period? In what weeks?

A

Weeks 16-26. Terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts;surrounded by capillaries

35
Q

When do pneumocystis develop?

A

Starting at 20 weeks

36
Q

What structural developments occur during the saccular? During what weeks does this happen?

A

26-36 weeks. Alveolar ducts divide into terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) with type I and II pneumocytes

37
Q

What structural developments occur in the alveolar? When does this occur?

A

Week 36-8 years. Alveoli increase, nature and have well-developed epithelial-endothelial contacts

38
Q

What components of the airway gave endodermal origin?

A

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

39
Q

What is tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Food and drink can enter the lungs from esophagus (abnormal connection)

40
Q

What is esophageal atresia?

A

The esophagus ends and a blind-ended tube

41
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

It occurs when not enough surfactant in the lungs. Baby needs to work harder to breathe

42
Q

What is surfacant made by?

A

Type II pneumocytes starting around 26 weeks of development and keeps alveoli from collapsing by decreasing surface tension

43
Q

What is the path of the blood from the aortic arches in the embryo?

A

they carry blood from the heart to the paired dorsal aortae and then to the embryo.

44
Q

How does the foamen secundum form?

A

Cell death in the septum primum

45
Q

A second septum forms in embryology and gives rise to an opening called what?

A

The foramen ovale

46
Q

How does septation of the ventricle occur?

A

By formation of a muscular and membranous septum.

47
Q

How does the muscular part of the ventricular septum develop?

A

From myoblasts in the midline on the floor of the primitive ventricle and grows toward the fused endocardial cushions.

48
Q

What is the most common congenital cardiac defect?

A

Membranous ventricular septal defect.

49
Q

What two things does the truncus arteriosus become?

A

The proximal aorta and pulmonary trunk

50
Q

What three things does the bulbus cordis become?

A

The conus arteriosus (RV), aortic vesitubule (LV), trabecularted right ventricle

51
Q

What does the primitive ventricle become

A

The trabeculated left ventricle.

52
Q

What two things does the primitive atrium become?

A

the trabeculated right and left atrium.

53
Q

What does two things does the sinus venosus become?

A

smooth right atrium and coronary sinus.

54
Q

What two things does loooping require?

A

cilia and dynein.

Netters Upper Limb (21 decks)

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