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Netters Upper Limb > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does the extra cellular matrix contain?

A

Collagen’s, non-collagenous glycoproteins, and proteoglycans surrounding the cells of connecting tissues

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2
Q

What does loose connective tissue contain?

A

More cells than collagen fibers, it’s generally surrounded by blood vessels nerves and muscles

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3
Q

What does dense connective tissue contain?

A

More collagen fibers than cells.

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4
Q

What is more vascularized, dense regular connective tissue or dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular tissue.

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5
Q

Where can dense regular connected tissue be found?

A

Tendons, ligaments, and the cornea

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6
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

The dermis of the skin and wall of the intestine

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7
Q

Describe glycosaminoglycans?

A

They are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units. They are highly negatively charged an associate with large amounts of water. They create hydrated shells with high viscosity and low compressibility.

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8
Q

What are the specific GAG‘s or glycosaminoglycans?

A

Hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.

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9
Q

What are Protoeoglycans?

A

Family of macromolecules with a protein core with at least one glycosaminoglycan covalently bound

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10
Q

How are proeoglycans charged? What do they do?

A

Highly negatively charged. They organize and stabilize matrix via interaction with other molecules (collagen).
They are a component of the basal lamina. They create a barrier to the passage of positively charged molecules from epithelium into other cells or connective tissues

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11
Q

What is the function of adhesive glycoproteins?

A

They help facilitate the attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix. They are also involved in affecting the growth, survival, morphology, differentiation and Motility of cells.

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12
Q

What is the most abundant types of collagen? What do they form? What is their function?

A

Type one, two and three are the most abundant in form fibrils of similar structure that provide tensile strength to tissues

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13
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which cartilage grows?

A
  1. interstitial growth-Division of existing chondrocytes within the cartilage.
  2. Appositional growth-The production of new chondroblasts and chondrocytes at the surface of the cartilage from the stem cells of the perichondrium.
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14
Q

What is Hyaline cartilage?What is it surrounded by? And where is it found?

A
  • It is avascular.
  • It is surrounded by a Perichondrium.
  • Chondrocytes surrounded by type two collagen, proteoglycan and water.
  • water moves freely in and out of matrix (exchange of nutrients and waste products)
  • Found in the skeleton of the embryo, articular cartilage in joints, and cartilage of the respiratory tract.
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15
Q

What is elastic cartilage? What surrounds it? Where is it found?

A
  • avascular (heals poorly)
  • surrounded by perichondrium
  • chondrocytes surrounded by matrix of type 2 collagen, proteoglycans and elastic fibers
  • found in external ear and epiglottis
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16
Q

What is fibrous cartilage? What is it surrounded by? Where is it found?

A
  • avascular (heals poorly)
  • no perichondrium
  • chrondrocytes surrounded by matrix of type 1 collagen. Resembles dense fibrous connective tissue.
  • Found in intravertebral disc,menisci of the knee, pubis symphysis.
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17
Q

What are the primary functions a bone?

A

They are attachment sites for muscles, protect the soft tissue organs in the body and serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions

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18
Q

What is the organic matrix of the bone called? What is it composed of?

A

It is called the osteoid. It is composed primarily of type one collagen and proteoglycans.
3 main noncollagenous glycoproteins in osteoid are osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osteonectin.

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19
Q

What is the in organic matrix of the bone called?

A

Bone mineral consists of a calcium and phosphate salts called hydroxyapatite. 99% of calcium found in hydroxyapatite of bone.
Inorganic matrix contributes to strength and rigidity of bone.

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20
Q

What four major cell types make up the bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteopeogenitor cells

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21
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

They are derived from osteoprogenitor sells enter the main bone forming cells. These are key boil shaped cells generally found on the surface of bone that actively deposit osteoid along the osteoblast-bone interface.

They initiate and control mineralization of the osteoid

22
Q

What is primary or woven bone?

A

The initial extracellular matrix produced by the osteoblast. It contains loose randomly oriented collagen fibers and low amounts of hydroxyapatite.

23
Q

What is secondary or lamellar bone?

A

Organize sheets of collagen fibers (lamellae) and high amounts of hydroxyapatite.

24
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

They are highly branched cells with their cell body occupying small spaces, or lacunae, within layers of bone matrix.
They respond to forces on the bone and release factors that can stimulate bone remodeling or turn over.

25
Q

What are osteoclasts? What is their main function?

A

They are large multi nucleated cells found on the surface of bone whose primary function is to degrade the bone matrix.

26
Q

Which bone: compact(cortical) or trabecular/cancellous bone contains osteons

A

Compact bone

27
Q

What characteristic amino acid can be found in the alpha collagen chain? How often does it repeat?

A

Glycine, every third amino acid is glycine

28
Q

What is a procollagen molecule?

A

The alpha chains assemble into a triple helix with non-helical ends called pro-peptides to for soluble procollagen.

29
Q

What is a tropocollagen molecule?

A

The procollagen is secreted from cell in extracellular space and cleaved by proteases (C and N propeptidase) that yield insoluble tropocollagen molecules.

30
Q

What is the zone called where chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and apoptosis?

A

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

31
Q

What is the zone called where chondrocytes mineralize the surrounding matrix?

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

32
Q

What is the zone where osteoblasts deposit bone matrix?

A

Zone of ossification

33
Q

What does skeletal muscle develop from?

A

The paraxial mesoderm (mesoderm closes to the notochord and neural tube).

34
Q

What are somites and what do they do?

A

Segments that form the craniocaudal sequence.

Somites differentiate into the axial skeleton, all skeletal muscle and some dermis of the skin.

35
Q

When do axons of motor neurons of the spinal cord enter the limb bud?

A

The 5th week of development. They grow into developing muscle at the same segmental level.

36
Q

What happens when there is low plasma calcium?

A

Parathyroid—>PTH secretion-> decreased excretion and increased absorption

Activation osteoblasts>decreased osteoid matrix synthesis

Secretion of osteoclasts activating factors

Differentiation of osteoclasts>increased bone turnover>increased plasma calcium

37
Q

What happens with high plasma calcium?

A

Thyroid gland>calcitonin>increased excretion, decreased absorption

Activating osteoclast calcitonin receptors>immobilization of osteoclast and retraction from bone surface>decreased bone turnover

38
Q

What enzyme cross links tropocollagen fibrils to create mature collagen fibers?

A

Lysyl oxidase

39
Q

What is osteocalcin?

A

A non-collagenous protein required for bone mineralization

40
Q

What is osteopontin?

A

A non-collagenous protein that mediates the interactions of osteoclasts with the bone surface

41
Q

What is osteoprotegrin?

A

A non-collagenous protein that functions as a decoy receptor for the RANK ligand and inhibits osteoclastogenesis

42
Q

What are two well-known examples of adhesive glycoproteins?

A

Laminin and fibronectin. Consist of disulfide bonded subunits with binding sites for cells and other components of ECM

43
Q

After translation of the alpha helix is made what modifies the collagen alpha chains?

A

Hydroxylation and glycosilation

44
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone receptor do?

A

It induces RANKL and mCSF expression and inhibits OPG production by the osteoblast

45
Q

What does alkaline phosphatase do?

A

A cell surface enzyme that produces high levels of phosphate ion during bone matrix synthesis. And important metabolic marker of bone formation.

46
Q

What does vitamin D3 do?

A

It regulates expression of osteocalcin of protein with high binding affinity for hydroxyapatite

47
Q

What is IGF-1 receptor?

A

Bonds IGF-1 Produced by the liver and stimulates the growth of the long bones. Stimulates osteoid production.

48
Q

What is the name of the cell those present in loose connective tissue that is responsible for production of the extracellular matrix?

A

The resident cell of connective tissue is the fibroblast. It is responsible for production and maintenance of the ECM.

49
Q

What is the function of dense connective tissue?

A

Resist tension in one direction

50
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with one another?

A

Cell processes of adjacent osteocytes are found within canliculi that extend in all directions of the lacunae and form. Gap junctions with each other

51
Q

What are specific proteases that are released into the resorption pit and degrade the organic matrix following solubilization of Mineral components of the bone by acidification

A

Cathepsin K and matrix metalloprotease 9

Netters Upper Limb (21 decks)

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