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Netters Upper Limb > Anatomy And Histology Heart Lungs > Flashcards

Anatomy And Histology Heart Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things can cardiac muscle undergo?

A

Hypertrophy (thickening), atrophy (thinning), necrosis (damage-induced cell death) and apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

The epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium

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3
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Thin layer of flat simple squamous mesothelial, covering fibrous and adipose connective tissue (also called the visceral layer of the pericardium).

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4
Q

What does the epicardium contain?

A

Nerves and blood vessels that supply the heart

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5
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thickest layer of the heart. It is composed of bundles of cardiac muscle cells organized into spiraling fascicles that squeeze blood out of the heart chambers

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6
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

It is simple squamous epithelium, over a layer of variable thickness connective tissue called the subemdocardium

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7
Q

Where can purkinje fibers associated with the conduction system be found?

A

Subendocardium

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8
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells shaped

A

They are striated muscle cells with a single centrally located nucleus and a branching shape

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9
Q

What do intercalated discs contain?

A

They contain desmosomes and adherence junctions that hold the cells together under the forces of contraction and gap junctions that facilitate movement of signals to contract from one cell to another

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10
Q

In what type of muscle can you find neuromuscular junctions?

A

In skeletal muscle. there are NO neuromuscular junctions in cardiac muscle

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11
Q

How does electrical conduction in the heart occur?

A

Stimulation of the myocardium by the conduction system

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12
Q

How is electrical activity generated by the SA node (pacemaker) ?

A

Spontaneously

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13
Q

What happens to the electrical impulse that the SA node sends out?

A

It propagates through the right atrium and to the left atrium and AV node

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14
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

It conducts normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles

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15
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

It is an area of specialized tissue between the atria and ventricles of heart, specifically in the posteroinferior region of the interstitial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus (Koch’s triangle)

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16
Q

What is the bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)?

A

A collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction.
It transmits electrical impulses from the AV node through the cardiac skeleton and membranous interventricular septum to a point at the apex of the muscular interventricular septum where it splits into the bundle branches

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17
Q

What are the left and right bundle branches?

A

A group of purkinje fibers that run in the subendocardial space along the interventricular septum and give rise to the purkinje fibers that are distributed to the cardiac muscle cells of the ventricular muscle

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18
Q

What are purkinje fibers/cells?

A

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct cardiac action potentials more quickly and efficiently that other cells of the heart

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19
Q

What are characteristics of purkinje fibers/cells?

A

They are large light stained cells in H and E sections.

They have few myofilaments, increased glycogen content and increased gap junctions

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20
Q

Does oxygenated blood flow within arteries of decreasing or increasing diameter?
Where does it go next?

A

Decreasing diameter

It then goes into arterioles that lead to capillary beds

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21
Q

How does deoxygenated blood flow?

A

It leaves the capillaries and flows into venules that lead into veins of increasing diameter.

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22
Q

What are the 3 blood vessel layers (excluding capillaries)?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

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23
Q

What is tunica intima?

A

A single layer of squamous endothelial cells providing a non-thrombogenic surface to the blood

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24
Q

What does tunica intima do?

A

Physiological regulation of vascular tone. (They release factors that affect contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle cells)

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25
Q

What is tunica media?

A

Concentric layers of smooth muscle cells with elastic fibers, type III collagen and proteoglycans

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26
Q

What is the function of tunica media?

A

Regulation of vascular tone, vessel diameter and blood pressure

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27
Q

What does tunica adventitia contain?

A

Fibroblasts, type I collagen, and elastic fibers

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28
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small vessels with one to three layers of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media.
These vessels are important for regulation of blood flow into tissue capillary beds

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29
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane

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30
Q

What does the pericyte do?

A

It is a smooth muscle like cell that associates with the outer wall of the capillary acting as a sphincter to control capillary blood flow

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31
Q

Where is continuous capillary found?

A

Muscle, nerve and connective tissue

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32
Q

What does the continuous capillary do?

A

They have tight intercellular junctions to restrict leakage and utilize pinocytotic vesicles in transport functions

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33
Q

Where is the fenestrated found?

A

In the GI and endocrine systems

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34
Q

What does the fenestrated do?

A

It contains permanent channels or fenestrations across the endothelial cells

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35
Q

Where are sinusoidal found?

A

They are found in bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes

36
Q

What does sinusoidal do?

A

They contain large discontinuities between endothelial cells

37
Q

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory system do?

A

It provides tubular conductors through which air can travel to and from lungs.
It also conditions the inspired air (trapping particulates and humidifying the air

38
Q

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory consist of?

A

The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

39
Q

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory system consist of?

A

Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

40
Q

Does the number of goblet cells decrease or increase as the conducting tubes proceed into the respiratory portion?

A

Decrease

41
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

A thick, loosely organized vascularized connective tissue that supports the mucosa

42
Q

What is submucosa?

A

It forms the bulk of the thickness of the wall.
It contains three main components of varying amount depending on the level of the bronchial tree;
Smooth muscle cells, hyaline cartilage and seromucous glands

43
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle in the submucosa?

A

They contract and regulate the amount of air flow through the conducting tubes

44
Q

Do smooth muscle cells increase or decrease in quantity as the diameter of the tube decreases?

A

Increase

45
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage in submucosa?

A

It prevents collapse of the tubular walls

46
Q

Does hyaline cartilage increase of decrease in quantity as the diameter of the tubes decrease?

A

They decrease

47
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

Ciliates pseudostratified columnar epithelium with globlet cells

48
Q

How many C shaped rings are in hyaline cartilage? What is their function?

A

16-20, they keep the tube from collapsing

49
Q

Are there rings of hyaline cartilage in the posterior of the trachea?

A

No, fibroelastic cartilage and smooth muscle support this portion of the tube

50
Q

How does the trachea divide?

A

It divides into two primary bronchi, one to each lung.
It then divides into secondary bronchi (three on right two on left) of smaller diameter.
The secondary divide into tertiary bronchi that give rise to the bronchioles

51
Q

What happens to the amount of seromucous glands, cartilage, smooth muscle, and elastic connective tissue as the bronchi proceed toward the bronchioles?

A

Seromucous glands decrease
Cartilage decrease
Bundle of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue increase

52
Q

What does the mucosa not contain in the bronchioles?

A

It does not have glands or cartilage

53
Q

What does the submucosa contain in the bronchioles?

A

Mainly smooth muscle and elastic fibers

54
Q

How does height of epithelium change in bronchioles?

A

It decreases to become cuboidal epithelium

55
Q

What is the difference in mucosa of the respiratory bronchioles from the terminal bronchioles?

A

The respiratory bronchioles are interrupted by numerous saccular alveoli where gas exchange can take place

56
Q

What are the alveoli covered by?

A

A rich capillary network, fibroblasts, and elastic and reticular fibers

57
Q

What are type one alveolar cells/type one pneumocytes?

A

Squamous cells that make up 97% of the alveolar surface.

They all have desmosomes and tight occluding junctions. They form a gas permeable barrier of minimal thickness

58
Q

What are type 2 alveolar cells/type 2 pneumocytes?

A

They provide a coating of pulmonary surfacant that lowers alveolar surface tension

59
Q

What is the shape of type II alveolar cells?

A

Cuboidal

60
Q

What do type II alveolar cells contain?

A

A foamy cytoplasm that had lamellar bodies containing lipids, glycosaminoglycans and protein

61
Q

What is the alveolar macrophage or dust cell?

A

They contain large amounts of carbon and dust which they phagocytosis from the alveolar lumen.

They are derived from monocytes and can be found in the interior of the alveolus or on its outer surface

62
Q

How is air in the alveoli separated from blood in the capillary?

A
  1. Surface and cytoplasm of the type I alveolar cells
  2. Fused basal laminae of the alveolar cells and the capillary endothelial cells
  3. Cytoplasm of endothelial cells
63
Q

I. What direction does oxygen from the alveolar air diffuse?

A

Through layers of the alveolar wall toward capillary.

Carbon dioxide fuses in the opposite direction

64
Q

How can cardiac cells be identified?

A

Striations, intercalated discs, branched fibers, and centrally located nuclei.

65
Q

What do cardiac mucles contain?

A

contractile proteins, sacroplasmic reticulum and T tubules.

66
Q

Do cardiac muscle cells have a higher or lower density of mitochondria than skeletal muscle?

A

Higher

67
Q

What are characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

They are elongated, tapering,nonstriated cells enclosed by a thin basal lamina.

68
Q

What is vasa vasorum?

A

Small vessels located in adventitia of large vessels and provide blood supply to the outer layers of the vessel.

69
Q

Where can autonomic nerve fibers that control the contraction of the smooth muscle of tunica media located?

A

The adventitial layer

70
Q

Compare tunica media of veins and arteries.

A

Veins have a less well-developed tunica media compared to similar sized arteries

71
Q

In sections, how do veins and arteries look?

A

Artery holds its circular tube shape, veins collapse.

72
Q

What is the function of the continuous capillary?

A

They have tight intercellular junctions to restrict leakage and utilize pinocytotic vesicles in transport functions.

73
Q

What are the four stages of angiogenesis?

A
  1. Stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor.
  2. Degradation of vessel basement membrane, formation of endothelial sprouts.
  3. Proliferation of endothelial cells and formation of new capillary tubes.
  4. New vessel stabilization/maturation
74
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new capillaries from existing capillaries.

75
Q

What is the fibroelastic cartilage and smooth muscle portion of the trachea called?

A

The trachealis muscle.

76
Q

What is the vasa vasorum? Where are they located?

A

They are located in the adventitia of large vessels and provide blood supply to the outer layers of the vessels.

77
Q

How does cilia evolve as it goes through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli?

A

It it constant through the trachea, bronchi, and broncioles. There are no cilia in alveoli.

78
Q

Describe the changes in the epithelium of cells as they proceed from trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

A

Pseudocolumnar make up trachea and bronchi. Bronchioles are made up of simple cuboidal, and alveoli are made up of simple squamous.

79
Q

How do globlet cells evolve from the trachea, to bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

A

Goblet cells are in trachea and bronchi, but they decrease in number from trachea to bronchi. They are abscent in bronchioles and the alveoli.

80
Q

How do seromucous gland evolve from trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli?

A

They are present in similar amounts in the trachea and bronchi. They are abscent in the bronchioles and alveoli.

81
Q

How does cartilage evolve along the respiratory tract (trachea to alveoli)?

A

It decreases from trachea to bronchi. It is abscent in the bronchioles and the alveoli.

82
Q

Describe smooth muscle evolution along the respiratory tract.

A

It stays the same from trachea to bronchi, increases in number at the bronchioles. It is absent in alveoli.

83
Q

Describe the elastic tissue evolution along the respiratory tract.

A

It increases in number at every level (trachea to bronchi to bronchioles to alveoli).

84
Q

How many secondary lobes are on the left and right?

A

Three on the right and two on the left

85
Q

What does the respiratory portion of the lung consist of?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. It is the site of gas exchange in the lung.

Netters Upper Limb (21 decks)

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