Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Netters Upper Limb > Anatomy of the Abdomen > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What do the muscles of the abdominal wall do?

A
  1. They move our trunk
  2. They protect our viscera
  3. They assist in respiration
  4. increase intra-abdominal pressure to fascilitate micturation (urination), defecation (bowel movement), and parturition (childbirth).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three flat muscles? What are they a continuation of?

A

The external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominus. They are a continuation of the 3 intercostal muscle layers of the thorax.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the vertical rectus abdominus? What is it formed by?

A

The vertical rectus abdominus lies iwthin the rectus sheath, formed by flat tendons of the flat muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

It is where aponeuroses from each side interdigitate in the midline between the paired rectus muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are transverse fibrous bands?

A

Where the rectus sheath attaches to the rectus abdominus muscle. They are sometimes called the abdominal six pack.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the anterior rectus sheath?

A

Foremed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique and part of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the posterior rectus sheath?

A

Formed by aponeurosis of internal oblqique and aponeurosis of the transverse abdominus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What sheaths do the internal oblique contribute to?

A

The anterior rectus sheath and the posterior rectus sheath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is the inferior one third of the posterior rectus sheath absent?

A

All three aponeurosis go anterior to the rectus abdominal muscle .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the acruate line?

A

Where the posterior rectus sheath ends. Below it is where the rectus abdominus muscle rests on a fascial layer called the trasnversalis fascia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep?

A

Skin, superficial fascia (superfical layer camper’s facia and deep layer scarpa’s fascia), external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus, transversalis fascia, and the parietal peritoneum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do inguinal hernias occur?

A

Because of a weakness in the musculature of the abdominal wall through an area called Hesselbach’s triangle.
They can also be due to a congenital defect ina structure called the inguinal canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

A protusion of a portion of the abdominal content through the abdominal wall in the inguinal region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

An oblique passageway through the anterior abdominal wall through with the spermatic cord passes in male and the round ligament of the uterus in female.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do the congenital and muscular weakness inguinal hernias occur?

A

Above the inguinal ligament

the free inferior border of the external oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do direct hernias occur?

A

Medial to the inferior epigastric arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do lateral hernias occur?

A

Lateral to the inferior epigastric arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

When a portion of the abdominal contents follows a course into the medial-most compartment of the femoral triangle (normally occupied by lymphatics).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do the femoral hernias occur? (above or below inguinal ligament)

A

Below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do men or women more commonly have femoral hernias?

A

Women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are the nerves and vessels of the anteriolateral abdominal wall?

A

They travel between the deep and middle layers of muscle, the transverse abdominus and internal oblique muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the nerves of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Anterior or ventral rami of spinal nerves T7-L1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the anterior rami of T7-T11 that innervate the anterolateral abdominal wall continuations of?

A

Intercostal nerves. Their accompanying vessels are continuations of the intercostal arteries and veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is T12 nerve called?

A

The subcostal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does L1 split into?

A

The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are branches of the internal thoracic artery?

A

Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the branches of the external iliac artery?

A

The inferior epigastric and deep circumflex arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do the superior and inferior epigastric arteries run?

A

Posterior to the rectus abdominus muscle, within the posterior rectus sheath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the abdominal quadrants?

A

Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the abdominal quadrants demarcated by?

A

A midsagittal plane and a transumbilical plane at T10.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is McBurney’s point

A

1/3 between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the significance of McBurney’s point?

A

It is where the base of the appendix is attached to the cecum. Pain felt here is indicative of appendicitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the abdominal regions?

A

The epigastric, umbilical, and pubic (hypogastric regions)
On either side of the epigastric region is the right and the left hypochondirum.
On either side of the umbilical region and the right and left flank.
On either side of the pubic region are the left and right groin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the demarcation of the abdominal regions?

A

Two vertical midclavicular lanes
The horizontal planes include the subcostal plane (more superior)
and the intertubercular plane (more inferior).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining the abdominal cavity. The parietal peritoneum lies on the internal surface of the abdominal wall, the visceral covers the viscera.
They visceral and parietal periotenum is continuous with the mesentery which provides a path for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to reach the abdominal organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum that contains only serous peritoneal fluid. This allows the organs to move without friction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What differs between the peritoneal cavity in men and women?

A

In men the peritoneal cavity is closed. In women the uterine tubes move through the peritoneal cavity, which is a potential route for spread of infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is intraperitoneal?

A

Organs covered on all sides by peritoneum. Any organ that has mesentery is intraperitoneal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is retroperitoneal?

A

Organs covered on one surface by peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What innervates the parietal peritoneum?

A

Spinal nerves T7-L1. Pain from parietal peritoneum is sharp, somatic pain localized along a dermatome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does referred pain from the visceral peritoneum feel like?

A

Diffuse, and dull referred pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does pain from the foregut organs refer to?

A

The epigastric region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where does pain from the midgut organs refer to?

A

The umbilical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where does pain from the hindgut organs refer to?

A

The pubic (also called hypogastric region).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity divided into?

A

A greater sac which is most of the peritoneal cavity, and a lesser sac which is a small compartment located posterior to the stomach and inferior to the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How do the greater and lesser sac communicate?

A

Via the entrance into the lesser sac scalled the epiploic foramen.

47
Q

What are the mesenteries of the small intestine, the transverse colon, and the sigmoid colon?

A

Small intestine- mesentery proper
Transverse colon-transverse mesocolon
Sigmoid colon-sigmoid mesocolon

48
Q

What is an omentum?

A

The mesenteries of the stomach. It is defined as a broad, double layer of peritoneum passing from the stomach to another organ.

49
Q

Where does the greater omentum span?

A

It passes from the stomach to the transverse colon, and then drapes over it to form an apron in the greater sac.

50
Q

Where does the lesser omentum span?

What does it from?

A

From the stomach to the liver.

It forms the anterior wall of the lesser sac along with the stomach.

51
Q

What are ligaments of the abdomen?

A

Parts of mesenteries between organs, or organ and body wall.

52
Q

How does peritoneal fluid usually flow, and due to what?

A

It usually flows upward due to peristalsis (movement) of the intestines.

53
Q

When excess peritoneal fluid accumulates how does it flow?

A

It flows downward.

54
Q

What does the transverse mesocolon divide the greater sac into?

A

The supracolic, and infracolic compartments.

55
Q

In the infracolic compartment where does fluid flow through?

A

Spaces to the right and left of the ascending and descedning colon, the right and left paracolic gutters.

56
Q

What are the three regions of the GI tract?

What are they supplied by?

A

Foregut (celiac trunk), midgut (superior mesenteric artery or SMA), and hindgut (inferior mesenteric artery or IMA)

57
Q

Where do the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery stem from?

A

They are anterior branches of the abdominal aorta.

58
Q

What is included in the foregut?

A

The esophagus, stomach, first half of the duodenum, the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen.

59
Q

What is the foregut supplied by?

A

The celiac artery

60
Q

What is included in the midgut?

A

The second half of the duodenum, the jejunum and ileum, as well as the ascending colon, and 2/3 of the transverse colon.

61
Q

What is included in the hindgut?

A

The last 1/3 of the transverse colon, the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

62
Q

What are the duodenum, jejunum and ileum collectively called?

A

The small intestine.

63
Q

Where do unpaired visceral arteries anastomose?

A

At junctions between gut regions. They provide collateral circulation if there is a vascular obstruction.

64
Q

What arteries anastomose at the foregut-midgut junction?

A

The superior pancreaticoduodenal artey (a branch of the celiac trunk) anastomoses with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch of SMA).

65
Q

What arteries anastomose at the midgut-hindgut junction?

A

The middle colic artery (from SMA) anastomoses with the left colic artery (from IMA).

66
Q

What do anastomoses between the left, middle and right colic arteries form?

A

They form an arterial arch called the marginal artery.

67
Q

What do intestinal branches of the SMA anastomose with?

A

TRICK QUESTION
they do not anastomose with branches of the celiac trunk or IMA, rendering loops of the small intesting susceptible to ischemia.

68
Q

What is the anastomosis at the rectum or hindgut?

A

It is between the superior rectal, the terminal branch of the IMA, and the middle and inferior rectal arteries off the internal iliac artery.

69
Q

What is the general path of lymphatic drainage?

A

It follows the reverse path of the arteries. It flows from regional nodes associated with viscera to lymph nodes located on abdominal aorta.

70
Q

What are the names of the aortic nodes?

A

They are named according to their associated artery: celiac nodes(foregut), SMA nodes (midgut), and IMA nodes (hindgut).

71
Q

Where does lymph flow from the pre-aortic nodes to?

A

To the cisterna chyli, the dilated proximal end of the thoracic duct, to eventually enter the venous circulation.

72
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

It provides and intrinsic network of ganglia with connections to the autonomic nervous system, which coordinates peristalsis (movement) and secretion.

73
Q

What are the enteric ganglia and nerve plexuses a part of?

A

The myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus within layers of the intestinal wall.

74
Q

Where do visceral afferents (sensory) travel?

A

They travel back to the spinal cord with the sympathetics.

75
Q

What is the liver divided into?

A

A right and left lobe.

76
Q

What two smaller lobes are often considered part of the left lobe?

A

The caudate and quadrate.

77
Q

Where does the liver receive venous drainage from?

A

GI tract, its accessory organs and the spleen via the portal vein.

78
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

It stores energy sources (glycogen, fat, protein, vitamins) and iron, produces fuels and plasma proteins, metabolizes toxins, modifies hormones, proudces bile acids, and excretes substances (bilirubi) in bile.

79
Q

What is the liver supplied by?

A

The proper hepatic artery, a branch of the common hepatic from the celiac trunk. It runs within the hepatoduodenal ligament, along with the portal vein and common bile duct (the portal triad), anterior to the epiploic foramen.

80
Q

How does blood enter and leave the liver?

A

Blood enters the liver from the proper hepatic artery (30%) and portal vein (70%) and leaves via the hepatic veins which drain into the IVC.

81
Q

What is the path of bile?

A

It leaves the liver via the right and left hepatic ducts where it enters the common hepatic duct. It enters the cystic duct and is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder.

82
Q

what is the path that the bile takes upon stimulation?

A

It leaves the gallbladder, enters the cystic duct, passes down the common bile duct. It enters the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater). It then empties into the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

83
Q

Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine organ?

A

BOTH

84
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

It lies posterior to the stomach in the posterior wall of the lesser sac.

85
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal?

A

Yes, except for the distal tail which contacts the spleen.

86
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

It has a head, neck, body and tail. It head is nestled in the C shaped curve of the duodenum.

87
Q

How do exocrine pancreatic secretion exit the pancreas?

A

Via the accessory pancreatic duct, emptying into the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla.

88
Q

What is the spleen?

A

It is functionally a large lymph node.

89
Q

Where is the spleen?

A

In the upper left quadrant (hypochondrium), posterolateral to the stomach and protected by the ribs.

90
Q

What does the gatroplenic ligament connect?

A

The spleen to the stomach

91
Q

What does the spleorenal ligament connect?

A

The left kidney to the spleen.

92
Q

Describe hepatic portal system blood flow.

A

The hepatic portal system carries blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver.
In a portal system, arterial blood flows into a capillary system (in the GI viscera) then into veins (portal tributaries) and finally into more capillaries (liver sinusoids), before being collected by veins and returned to the heart.

93
Q

Are there valves in the portal system of veins?

A

NO

94
Q

What are portosystemic anastomoses?

A

They allow blood to return to the heart via the systemic circulation when a major vein of the portal system is occluded or restricted.

95
Q

What are the three most important anastomoses of the portosystemic anastomoses?

A
  1. lower esophagus
  2. rectum
  3. umbilical region
96
Q

What is the insignificant portosystemic anastomoses?

A

The retroperitoneal anastomosis.

97
Q

What can engorged veins from increased blood flow result in?

A

Esophageal varices, hemorrhoids and caput medusae

98
Q

What is caput medusae

A

Cutaneous engorged veins around the umbilicus

99
Q

What does cirrhosis of the liver do to portal blood flow?

A

It disrupts portal blood flow, leading to portal hypertension and engorgement of the portosystemic anastomoses.

100
Q

What is a major cause of cirrhosis?

A

Alcohol liver disease.

101
Q

What are the retroperitineal structures?

A

The kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, abdominal aorta, and inferior vena cava.

102
Q

How many branches does the abdominal aorta give off?

A

3 paired visceral branches as well as several paired branches.

103
Q

What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

A localized abnormal dilation of the aorta that occurs when the structure of the aortic wall is compromised (usually at the IMA).

104
Q

What are the major causes of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Hypertension and atherosclerosis.

105
Q

What are symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Abdominal and back pain, nausea, and early satiety (feeling full). Up to 75% are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally as an abdominal mass (often palpably pulsating)
A sharp tearing back pain accompanies rupture of an aortic aneurysm

106
Q

Describe the IVC in the abdomen and its blood flow?

A

The left and right common iliac veins join to form the IVC, which receives drainage from gonads, kidney, posterior abdominal wall, liver and diaphragm. The IVC then drains into the right atrium of the heart after receiving the hepatic veins.

107
Q

What does the heaptoduodenal ligament contain?

A

The hepatic artery, portal vein, and the common bile duct

108
Q

What does the portal triad contain?

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, and common bile duct

109
Q

What are gallstones in the gallbladder referred to?

A

Cholelithiasis

110
Q

What are stones in the common bile duct referred to as?

A

Choledocholithiasis.

111
Q

What structures are intraperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal: liver, tail of pancreas, stomach, 1st part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, (spleen)

112
Q

What structures are retroperitoneal

A

most of the duodenum, most of pancreas, ascending and descending colons, rectum, (kidneys, suprarenals, abdominal aorta, IVC)

113
Q

What empties into the major duodenal papilla?

What empties into the minor duodenal papilla?

A

The main pancreatic duct and common bile duct empty (hepatopancreatic ampulla) into the major duodenal papilla
The accessory pancreatic duct empties into the minor duodenal papilla

114
Q

What lies behind the greater sac?

A

The pancreas and the duodenum

Netters Upper Limb (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions