ANS

Question 1

Where ate the cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons located? What

Answer 1

In the intermediolateral (IML) cell column of the spinal cord gray matter

Question 2

Where do preganglionic axons in the sympathetic trunk synapse?

Answer 2

At the same level from which they originate or at a higher level

In some cases it can pass through on the way to another peripheral ganglion (prevertebral) outside of the sympathetic trunk.

Question 3

Where do the sympathetics of the skin of the extremities and body wall originate?

Answer 3

In the IML of the spinal cord

Question 4

What nerve root supplies the sympathetics to the skin and extremities and body walls.

Answer 4

T1-L2

Question 5

What roots supplies the sympathetics to the organs of the thorax?

Answer 5

The central root of T1-T5

Question 6

What nerve roots go to the sympathetics to the organs of the abdomen and pelvis?

Answer 6

Central root of T5-L1

Question 7

What do the preganglionic nerves with cranial nerves III, VII, and IX synapse in?

Answer 7

They synapse in specific ganglia in the head

Question 8

Where do preganglionic neurons with cranial nerve X synapse in?

Answer 8

They synapse in ganglia in the wall of the thoracic and abdominal organs.

Question 9

Where did the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons for the sacral outflow travel to?

Answer 9

They exit the spinal cord via the ventral root of S2-S4 spinal nerves and travel to their target organs via the pelvic splanchnic nerve is where the synapse in the ganglia in the wall of the lower abdominal and pelvic organs.

Question 10

What is the epimysium?

Answer 10

Sense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and is synonymous with deep fascia.

Question 11

What is the perimysium?

Answer 11

Connective tissue that surrounds a group of fibers to form a fascicles.
It conveys the large blood vessels and nerves into the muscle.

Question 12

What is the endomysium?

Answer 12

Delicate connective tissue which surrounds individual muscle fibers

Question 13

What does type one muscle fiber contain a lot of?

Answer 13

Myoglobin and mitochondria

Question 14

How is ATP generated in type two muscle fibers?

Answer 14

By anaerobic glycolysis

Question 15

What is the plasma membrane of muscle cells referred to as?

Answer 15

Sarcolemma

Question 16

Where are the components of myofibrils?

Answer 16

Z lines, I band, A band, H band, and M line

Question 17

What are characteristics of Z lines?

Answer 17

The define the boundary of each sacromere

They contain actin binding protein, alpha actinin

Question 18

What are characteristic of the I band?

Answer 18

Composed exclusively of actin thin filaments.

Width decreases during contraction

Question 19

What are characteristics of the A band?

Answer 19

Composed of overlapping thick and thin filaments

Width remains constant during contraction

Question 20

What are characteristics of the H band?

Answer 20

Central region of the A band contains only thick filaments

Width decreases during contraction

Question 21

What are characteristics of the M-line?

Answer 21

Middle of the H band.

Overlapping tails of thick filaments

Question 22

Which complexes does F actin form with?

Answer 22

Tropomyosin and troponin complexes (I,T,C)

Question 23

What does tropomyosin consist of?

Answer 23

Two polypeptides twisted around each other running in groove formed by F actin filaments

Question 24

What does tropomyosin bind?

Answer 24

Troponin T of troponin complex

Question 25

What does troponin I do?

Answer 25

Inhibits binding of myosin to Actin and troponin C that binds calcium

Question 26

What does nebulin do?

Answer 26

Extends from Z line along length of thin filament: it acts as a stabilizer for thin filaments

Question 27

What do the myosin tails do?

Answer 27

They allow several mice and molecules to form a filament

Question 28

What is Titin?

Answer 28

Very large protein that extends from Z line to center of sarcomere. It controls assembly of thick filaments and provides elasticity to sarcomere

Question 29

Where does depolarization spread to?

Answer 29

From sacrolemma to T tubules which transport signal to inferior or muscle cell

Question 30

What senses depolarization of T tubule?

Answer 30

L type calcium channel in the membrane of the T tubule

Question 31

What happens after L type Calcium channels sense depolarization?

Answer 31

It induces ryanodine-sensitive calcium channels in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum terminal cisternae

Question 32

What does the binding of troponin C cause?

Answer 32

It causes a conformational change in troponin. The change in troponin alters conformation of tropomyosin leaded to exposure of myosin binding sites

Question 33

How does the axon interact with muscle fiber?

Answer 33

Via the motor end plate or neuromuscular junction

Question 34

Contraction begins with release of what?

Answer 34

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine binds to a receptor on muscle sacrolemma and causes depolarization of cell membrane

Question 35

What do proprioreceptors do?

Answer 35

They are sensory organs of skeletal muscle tendon and joints.

They provide feedback on contractile state of muscle, tension of tendon, and position of the joint

Question 36

What are the target organs of the sympathetics to organs of the thorax?

Answer 36

Heart, lungs, trachea, larynx, and blood vessels

Question 37

Where can the peripheral ganglia of sympathetics to organs of the abdomen and pelvis?

Answer 37

Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal

Question 38

What are the targets of cranial nerve 7 and 9?

Answer 38

Salivary glands