Lower Gastrointestinal Problems Flashcards
What is diarrhea?
Increased frequency of bowel movements (more than 3 per day)
What is the S&S of diarrhea?
- Increased frequency and fluid content of stools
- Lethargy, sunken eyeballs, Dry mucous membranes, ↓ output, concentrated urine, Fever, Malnutrition, Abdominal cramps, distention, Borborygmus, Painful spasmodic contractions of the anus, Tenesmus
What is the complications of diarrhea?
- Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
- Dehydration
- Cardiac dysrhythmias
What is fecal incontinence?
Involuntary passage of stool from the rectum
What is constipation?
What is the S&S of constipation?
Abnormal infrequency or irregularity of defecation; any variation from normal habits may be a problem
What is the complications of constipation?
Hypertension, Fecal impaction, Hemorrhoids, Fissures, Megacolon
What is acute abdominal pain?
- symptom of many different types of tissue injury and can arise from damage to abdominal or pelvic organs and blood vessels.
What is irritable bowel syndrome?
chronic functional disorder characterized by intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain associated with an alteration in bowel function (diarrhea or constipation or both)
What are the symptoms of IBS?
Abdominal distension, excessive flatulence, bloating, urge to defecate, urgency, sensation of incomplete evacuation
What is appendicitis?
appendix becomes inflamed and edematous as a result of becoming kinked or occluded by a fecalith
What is the S&S of appendicitis?
- Local tenderness is elicited at McBurney’s point
- Vague epigastric or periumbilical pain progresses to right lower quadrant pain and is usually accompanied by a low-grade fever and nausea and sometimes by vomiting
- major complication of appendicitis is perforation
What is the nursing management of appendicitis?
- Until seen by a health care provider pt is to be NPO to ensure that the stomach is empty in the event that surgery is needed.
- Local application of heat is not advised because it may cause the appendix to rupture.
- The patient should be observed for evidence of peritonitis.
- Surgery is usually performed as soon as a diagnosis is made.
What is peritonitis?
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the viscera.
What are the causes of peritonitis?
bacterial infection, trauma, inflammation within body
What are the S&S of peritonitis?
- Location and extent of inflammation
- Diffuse pain becomes constant, more intense near site of inflammation, movement aggravates
- Abdomen becomes tender and distended, ascities
- Muscles become rigid
- Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea
- Rebound tenderness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Temperature and pulse rate increase
What is the assessment and diagnostic findings of peritonitis?
- Leukocyte count elevated
- Hemoglobin and hematocrit low (if blood loss)
- Altered electrolytes: K, Na, and Cl.
- Abdominal X-ray – distended bowel loops.
- CT may show abscess formation.
- Peritoneal aspiration culture and sensitivity.
What is the complications of peritonitis?
SEPSIS
- shock
- bowel obstruction or adhesions
- wound evisceration and abscess formation
What is the medical management of peritonitis?
- fluid, colloid, electrolyte replacement
- analgesics
- antiemetics
- massive antibiotic therapy
What is the nursing management of peritonitis?
- Continuous assessment of: Pain, Vital signs, GI function, Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
- Pain management
- Positioning for comfort (fetal position)
- I/O
- IV fluids
- Drains
What is gastroenteritis?
An inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach and the small intestine
What are the S&S of gastroenteritis?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and distension, Fever, increased white blood cells (WBCs), and blood or mucus in the stool may be present.
What is the nursing management of gastroenteritis?
- I/O
- strict medical asepsis and infection control
- proper food handling and prep of food to prevent infections