Head Injury Flashcards
What is intracranial pressure?(ICP)
state of equilibrium and maintain a normal ICP of 10 to 20 mm Hg.
-pressure within the craniospinal compartment
- With disease or injury, ICP may increase
- ↑ ICP decreases cerebral perfusion, causes ischemia, cell death, and (further) edema
- Brain tissues may shift through the dura and result in herniation
- CO2 plays a role:
↓ CO2 = vasoconstriction
↑ CO2 = vasodilatation and ↑ ICP
How is LOC important when it comes to head injuries and increased ICP?
- Level of responsiveness and consciousness is the most important indicator of the patient’s condition
- LOC is a continuum from normal alertness and full cognition (consciousness) to coma
What is akinetic mutism?
unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens eyes
What is persistent vegetative state?
patient is devoid of cognitive function but has sleep–wake cycles
What is locked-in syndrome?
patient is unable to move or respond except for eye movements owing to a lesion affecting the pons
What are early S&S of ICP?
- changes is LOC
-Restlessness, confusion, increasing drowsiness, increased respiratory effort, and purposeless movements - Pupillary changes
-Weakness in one extremity or one side - headache
What are late S&S of ICP?
-Projectile vomiting
-Further deterioration of LOC; stupor to coma
- Hemiplegia, decortication, decerebration, or flaccidity
- Respiratory pattern alterations including Cheyne-Stokes breathing and arrest
- Loss of brain stem reflexes: pupil, gag, corneal, and swallowing
What do we do when increased intracranial pressure happens?
- Detect the underlying cause of increased ICP
- MRI, CT, MRA, CT angiography
- Taking a careful history is important
- Ensure adequate oxygenation
- Drug therapy
- Hyperventilation therapy
- Nutritional therapy
- maintenance of patent airway
How do we assess eye signs and motor function for increased ICP?
Eye: perrla (pupils, equal, round, reactive to light, and accommodation)
motor function: observe spontaneous movements, hand strength, response to painful stimuli , speech
What are interventions for increased ICP?
- Avoid hip flexion, Valsalva maneuver, abdominal distention, or other stimuli that may increase ICP
-
HOB elevation 30 degrees
-Frequent monitoring of respiratory status and lung sounds and measure to maintain a patent airway - Maintain a calm, quiet atmosphere and protect patient from stress
- Use strict aseptic technique for management of ICP monitoring system
- monitor fluid status
What is a head injury?
A broad classification that includes injury to the scalp, skull, or brain
-Head trauma includes an alteration in consciousness, no matter how brief.
What is the two types of a brain injury?
- closed brain injury (blunt trauma)
- open brain injury
What is a closed brain injury?
acceleration or deceleration injury occurs when the head accelerates then rapidly decelerates, damaging brain tissue
What is an open brain injury?
object penetrates the brain or trauma is so severe that the scalp and skull are opened
What is the three points in time after an injury where death can occur?
- primary injury: initial/immediate damage resulting from the traumatic event.
- within 2 hours after the injury
- secondary injury
What is secondary injury?
- Damage evolves after the initial insult
- 3 weeks after the injury
What is the cause and S&S of a secondary injury?
- Caused by cerebral edema, ischemia, or chemical changes associated with the trauma
- Includes a series of complications that lead to a poorer prognosis or even death
Symptoms: depend on the severity and location of injury, persistent, localized pain, stiff neck, nasal discharge, swelling, bruising, LOC
What is a scalp laceration?
- The most minor type of head trauma
- Scalp is highly vascular → profuse bleeding
—> Because tend to bleed heavily; scalp wounds are also portals for infection - Major complication is infection.
What is a skull fracture?
fracture in the skull
What is the S&S of a skull fracture?
- Usually have localized, persistent pain
- Facial paralysis
- Battle’s sign: ecchymosis behind the ear
- Conjugate deviation of gaze
- Rhinorrhea or otorrhea indicates that a fracture has traversed the dura.
halo sign: ring of csf leak around the blood stain from drainage