Coronary Artery Disease and Coronary Syndrome Flashcards
What are the four developmental stages of CAD?
- Fatty streak
- Fibrous plaque
- Complicated lesion
- Collateral circulation
What is the range for sodium?
135-145
What is the range for potassium?
3.5-5
What is the range for glucose?
3.9-7.8
What is the range for leukocytes?
4.5-11
What is the range for hemoglobin?
female: 120-160
male: 135-180
What are some health promoting behaviours for CAD?
- physical fitness
- nutritional therapy
- cholesterol-lowering drug therapy
- anti platelet therapy
What is angina?
Chest pain that is the clinical manifestation of reversible myocardial ischemia
What are the symptoms of angina?
- tightness, choking, or a heavy sensation
- anxiety
- retrosternal and may radiate to neck, jaw, shoulders, back, or arms (usually left)
-dyspnea or shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting - SUBSIDES WITH REST
What is stable symptoms of angina?
- Usually follows a predictable pattern.
- Pain generally happens at about the same point with exercise or emotional stress.
- Pain is usually relieved with rest or medication.
What are unstable symptoms of angina?
- Unexpected chest pain at rest or without stimulating activity.
- If the chest pain is new, worsening or constant, there is a greater risk of having a heart attack, an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), and even sudden death.
- See doctor as soon as possible.
What is chronic stable angina?
Reversible (temporary) myocardial ischemia = angina (chest pain)
- O2 demand > O2 supply
What is the S&S of chronic stable angina?
- Pressure/ache in chest
- Pain usually lasts 3 to 5 minutes.
What are the 5 types of stable angina?
- silent ischemia
- nocturnal angina
- angina decubitus
- prinzmetal’s (variant) angina
- microvascular angina
What is silent ischemia?
- Ischemia that occurs in the absence of any subjective symptoms
- Associated with diabetic neuropathy
- Confirmed by ECG changes
What is nocturnal angina?
Occurs only at night but not necessarily during sleep
What is angina decubitus?
- Chest pain that occurs only while lying down
- Relieved by standing or sitting
What is prinzmetal’s (variant) angina?
- Occurs at rest usually in response to spasm of major coronary artery
- rare
- Calcium channel blockers and/or nitrates are used to control the angina (ie. Verapamil, diltiazem)