Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 > Lower Abdomen > Flashcards

Lower Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

The stomach turns food into ____.

A

Chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stomach is lined with ____.

A

Rugae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rugae definition

A

temporary folds within body of stomach along longitudinal plane, help with movement (physical and enzymatic) and allow stomach to expand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rugae are controlled by ____

A

Auerbach’s plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardiac orifice
  2. Fundus of stomach
  3. Body of stomach
  4. Pyloric region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Of the small intestine, what is retroperitoneal and what is intraperitoneal?

A

Duodenum is RELATIVELY immobile and RETROperitoneal

Ileum and jejunum are tethered but mobile and INTRAperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the jejunum and ileum tethered by?

A

Mesentery proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are plicae circularis?

A
  • Permanent folds in the intestine
  • Help increase surface area
  • Needed for absorption (surface area)
  • Decrease in number as you move distally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

25cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain what parts of the duodenum are intraperitoneal vs. retroperitoneal

A

Duodenum is RETROPERITONEAL except:

Superior end is INTRAPERITONEAL held by hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the hepatoduodenal ligament?

A

Part of the lesser omentum that tethers the superior end of the duodenum (which makes it intraperitoneal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 regions of the duodenum? Where are they relative to vertebrae?

A
  1. Superior portion - L1
  2. Descending portion- L2/3
  3. Inferior Portion- L3 *tranverse across
  4. Ascending portion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal? Why?

A

Superior portion of duodenum is intraperitoneal held by hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is important about the superior portion of the duodenum? What vertebral level?

A

It’s the only portion that is intraperitoneal (held by hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum)

It’s at L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is important about the descending portion of the duodenum? What vertebral level?

A

2 papilla in this portion - MAJOR and MINOR
minor is more superior than major

major papilla marks the end of the foregut

It’s at L2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is important about the inferior portion of the duodenum? What vertebral level?

A

Anterior to Aorta and IVC
Posterior to superior mesenteric artery and vein

Transverse along L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is important about the ascending portion of the duodenum?

A

Goes up to the duodenojejunal junction

Anchored by suspensor ligament (ligament of trietz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the suspensor ligament?

A

AKA ligament of trietz

It anchors the ascending portion of the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vasa recta definition

A

Straight arteries coming off of arcades in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Arterial arcades definition

A

Loops of arteries in jejunum/ileum with vasa recta coming off of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vasa recta trends from jejunum to ileum

A 
Jejunum = long vasa recta
Ileum = short vasa recta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Arterial arcade trends from jejunum to ileum

A 
Jejunum = few arcades and short
Ileum = many acrades and long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plica circularis trends from jejunum to ileum

A 
Jejunum = many plica circularis
Ileum = few plica circularis

*remember plica ricularis is associated with absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fat/lymph trends from jejunum to ileum

A 
Jejunum = few fat/lymph
Ileum = many fat/lymph
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What supplies the jejunum and ileum?

A

Superior mesenteric artery (midgut)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What quadrants are the jejunum and ileum each respectively found in? What are their relative lengths to each other?

A

Jejunum = 2/5 found in upper left quadrant

Ileum = 3/5 found in upper right quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mecke’s (Ileum) Diverticulum is a remnant of ____.

A

embryonic yolk stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Mecke’s (ileal) Diverticulum?

  • Symptoms?
  • Where is it found?
A

Found ~1m proximal to ileocecal valve (so in ileum)

blind-end tubular outgrowth of the bowel, relatively uncommon

Symptoms: hemorrhage, intussecption, diverticulitis, ulceration, obstruction, appears as fingerlike pouch, symptoms mimic appendicitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Large intestine _____’s small intestine

A

Frames

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two flexures (both names for each)?

A
  1. Right colic flexure aka hepatic flexure

2. Left colic flexure aka splenic flexurew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Right colic flexure is found _____

A

just inferior to right lobe of liver

aka hepatic flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Left colic flexure is found _____

A

attached to the diaphragm at the splenocolic ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Are right colic flexure and left colic flexure symmetrical?

A

No. But they are both lateral to the ascending/descending segments.

Left colic flexure has more acute bend at junction of transverse and descending, more SUPERIOR and POSTERIOR than right colic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which sides of the body are the ascending/descending colons on?

A

Ascending = right side

Descending = left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the veriform appendix located?

A

opens into cecum inferior to ileocecal orifice (*lots of variation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Is the veriform appendix retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

Think: it is BEHIND the cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What anchors the veriform appendix?

A

Mesoappendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Appendicitis symptoms

A
  • vague pain in peri-umbilical region from afferent pain referred to T10 level
  • severe pain later from right lower quadrant (from irritation of peritoneum of posterior abdominal wall)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is appendicitis pain most severe?

A

Over the spino-umbilical point

between ASIS and umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

_____ divides the abdominal cavity into supracolic and infracolic.

A

Transverse mesocolon divides abdominal cavity into supracolic and infracolic

41
Q

Supracolic components

A

stomach, liver, spleen

42
Q

Infracolic components

A

Small intestine, ascending and descending colon

43
Q

3 Colon Specializations

A
  1. Teniae Coli
  2. Haustra Coli
  3. Epiploic Appendages
44
Q

Teniae Coli definition

A

Colon specializaton

3 smooth muscle bands paralleling length of colon

45
Q

Haustra Coli definition

A

Colon specialization

Outpouching produced by teniae coli

46
Q

Epiploic appendages definition

A

Colon specialization

Fat tags along colon

47
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery that supply the small intestine?

A
  1. 15-18 intestinal aa
  2. Ileocecolic a
  3. Right colic a
  4. Middle Colic a
  5. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (*anastomose with celiac trunk branch)
48
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply and how is that related to their arterial branches?

A

Superior mesenteric supplies midgut which is from distal 1/2 duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon

sooo…. 15-18aa, ileocolic (ileum), right colic (ascending), middle colic (transverse), inferior pancreaticoduodenal (duodenum)

49
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery that supply the small intestine?

A
  1. Left Colic
  2. Sigmoid arteries (4)
  3. Superior rectal artery
50
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply and how is that related to their arterial branches?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery supplies hindgut which is from distal 1/3 transverse through anal canal.

sooo…. left colic (descending), sigmoid arteries (sigmoid), superior rectal artery (rectum)

51
Q

Where is the superior mesenteric artery located on the abdominal aorta?

A

2nd major branch

~1cm inferior to celiac trunk

52
Q

Where is the inferior mesenteric artery located on the abdominal aorta?

A

3rd major branch

~5cm superior from aortic bifurcation

53
Q

What is collateral circulation in the small intestine?

A

Collateral circulation is achieved by anastomoses between SMA and IMA’s colic branches which creates the…

MARGINAL DRUMMOND

54
Q

What is the marginal drummond?

A

connection between middle colic (SMA) and left colic (IMA)

This is an example of collateral circulation of anastomoses between colic branches of IMA/SMA

This helps create superior arch just inferior to transverse crossing both flexures

55
Q

Where is the superior arch of the colon? How is it created?

A

Just inferior to transverse colon and crossing both flexures

Created by the marginal drummond (anastomeses between SMA and IMA in colon)

56
Q

____ and ____ anastomose to supply the head of the pancreas and the duodenum.

Trace back both of the blanks to the abdominal aorta

A

superior pancreaticoduodenal and inferior pancreaticoduodenal (anterior and posterior both) anastomose to supply the head of the pancreas and the duodenum

superior pancreaticoduodenum comes from gastroduodenal from celiac trunk

inferior pancreaticoduodenum comes from superior mesenteric artery

57
Q

Pancreas arterial supply is broken down into two components: head region and rest of the pancreas. What supplies each region?

A

Superior/inferior anterior/posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries supply head of pancreas and duodenum

Splenic artery supplies the rest of the pancreas with branches

58
Q

What are the 2 major paired arteries off of the abdominal aorta?

A

Renal arteries and Gonadal arteries

59
Q

What is the physical location of the renal arteries coming off of the aorta?

A

Within 1 inch of SMA on lateral sides of it

60
Q

Where do the renal arteries enter on the kidney?

A

Renal arteries enter the hilum on each kidney

61
Q

Renal artery branches off to supply _______.

A

Renal artery branches off to supply adrenal glands and ureters

62
Q

What is the physical location of the gonadal arteries?

A

Lateral branches of the abdominal aorta inferior to renal arteries

63
Q

Both gonadal arteries cross over ___.

A

Both gonadal arteries cross over the ureters

64
Q

What are the two types of gonadal arteries

A

Ovarian arteries

Testicular arteries

65
Q

What is the path of ovarian arteries and where are they going?

A

Ovarian arteries cross over ureters and iliac vessels

Descends to pelvis to supply ovaries

66
Q

What is the path of testicular arteries and where are they going?

A

Testicular arteries cross over ureters and through inguinal canal

Descends into scrotum to supply testes

67
Q

What is the largest vein in the body?

A

Inferior vena cava

68
Q

Where does the IVC begin?

A

L5 at the union of common iliac veins

69
Q

IVC returns blood from ______ to RA of the heart.

A

lower limb, back, abdominal wall, abdominopelvic viscera

70
Q

What is the portal venous system?

A

Blood from viscera has to first enter the liver via hepatic vv before entering IVC

71
Q

What forms the portal vein? Where is it?

A

The union splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein @ L2

72
Q

What is the purpose of portal-caval anastomoses?

A

If damage were to occur, these systems can flow in either direction to maintain blood flow

73
Q

What allows blood flow in either direction in the portal-caval anastomoses?

A

Portal veins do not have vales

74
Q

What are the 4 portal-caval anastomoses?

A
  1. Gastric vein (P) and Esophageal vein (C)
  2. Paraumbilical vein (P) and Epigastric v (C)
  3. Superior Rectal Vein (P) adn Middle/inferior vein (C)
  4. Colic vein (P) and Retroperitoneal vein (C)
75
Q

What is portal hypertension? What does it cause?

A

increase in blood pressure in portal venous system

RESTRICTS BLOOD FLOW

causes caval vv to be engorged which may cause dilated/varicose veins

76
Q

What are vericose veins? Where do they occur?

A

Dilated veins of caval system due to portal hypertension

Vericose occurs because veins not used to being engorged

77
Q

What are the 3 common locations for caval vein dilation?

A
  1. Esophageal Veins
  2. Epigastric Veins
  3. Dilated inferior/middle rectal vein
78
Q

Dilated esophageal veins lead to….

A

esophageal vericose

79
Q

Dilated epigastric veins lead to…

A

Caput medusae (picture of surface anatomy)

around paraumbilical region

80
Q

Dilated inferior/middle rectum veins leads to….

A

hemorrhoids

81
Q

Supply to abdominal viscera is through the ____ Nervous System

A

Autonomic

82
Q

Origination of sympathetic nervous system

A

Thoracolumnar

T5-L2

83
Q

Origination of parasympathetic nervous system

A

CNX and S2-4

Craniosacral

84
Q

Pathway of CX to abdomen

A

pre-ganglion n from vagus travel on upper arterial branches (celiac trunk, SMA, renal, and all of their branches)

*parasympathetic

85
Q

Pathway of S2-S4 to abdomen

A

pre-ganglion n from S2-S4 travel on lower branches (IMA and it’s branches)

86
Q

Where do synapses occur in parasympathetic innervation?

A

Synapse occurs with effector organs

87
Q

Where do synapses occur in sympathetic SPLANCHNIC innervation?

A

collateral ganglia

88
Q

Pathway of post-synaptic splanchnic sympathetic nerve fibers?

A

From collateral ganglia post synpatic sympathetic nerve fibers travel on all main arterial branches (celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa, IMA, and all of their branches)

89
Q

4 options once pre-synaptic sympathetic nervous fibers enter chain ganglia… what are they?

A
  1. Ascend then synapse
  2. Synapse at level of exit
  3. Descend then synapse
  4. Pass through without synapsing so they synapse on the collateral ganglia
90
Q

What are the 4 main collateral ganglion that sit in the abdomen?

A
  1. Celiac ganglion
  2. Aorticorenal ganglion
  3. Superior mesenteric ganglion
  4. Inferior mesenteric ganglion
91
Q

After collateral ganglion, where do the post-synaptic sympathetic nerve fibers go?

A

to synapse on the walls of the organs they innervate

92
Q

What are the 3 thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A
  1. Greater splanchnic nerve
  2. Lesser splanchnic nerve
  3. Least splanchnic nerve
93
Q

Greater splanchnic nerve: where does it come from? which collateral ganglion does it synapse on?

A

Greater splanchnic n (thoracic splanchnic n)

from T5-T9 -> Celiac ganglion

94
Q

Lesser splanchnic nerve: where does it come from? which collateral ganglion does it synapse on?

A

Lesser splanchnic n (thoracic splanchnic n)

from T10-T11 -> SMA Ganglion

95
Q

Least splanchnic nerve: where does it come from? which collateral ganglion does it synapse on?

A

Least splanchnic n (thoracic splanchnic n)

from T12 -> aorticorenal ganglion

96
Q

Lumbar Splanchnic nerve: where does it come from? which collateral ganglion does it synapse on?

A

Lumbar splanchnic n

from L2-L4 -> IMA ganglion

97
Q

Sacral splanchnics: pathway?

A

pass through sacral part of sympathetic trunk and enter inferior hypogastric plexus

98
Q

Pelvic splanchnics: pathway? what does it innervate?

A

parasympathetics from S2-S4
some fibers pass upwards to inferior abdominal structures innervating distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

99
Q

4 MAJOR AUTONOMIC GANGLION PLEXUSES

  • what does it travel along?
  • what splanchnic nerves are associated with it?
A
  1. Celiac Ganglion
    - plexus travels with celiac branches
    - CNX and thoracic splanchnics nn
  2. Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
    - plexus travels with SMA and branches
    - CNX and thoracic splanchnics nn
  3. Aorticorenal Ganglion
    - plexus travels with renal branches
    - CNX and thoracic suplanchnic nn
  4. Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
    - plexus travels with IMA branches
    - Lumbar splanchnic nn and sacral branches

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions