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IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 > Histology: GI Tract > Flashcards

Histology: GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two portions of the digestive system?

A

The alimentary canal and associated/accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

Alimentary canal is also called ______.

A

The GI tract

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3
Q

What are the organs of the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth, most of pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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4
Q

What are the associated/accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder

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5
Q

What are the two functions of the associated/accessory organs of the digestive system? Which organs did which function?

A

Physical breakdown (come in contact with food): tongue, teeth

Secretions (never contact food, secretions reach GI via ducts, good for chemical breakdown): salivary glands, liver, gallbladder

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6
Q

How long is the GI tract in a cadaver vs. living human?

A

9meters (30feet) in cadaver

Shorter in living humans because smooth muscle contractions

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7
Q

Food in the lumen of the GI tract is ____ the body

A

outside

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8
Q

What are the 8 processes of the GI tract?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Mixing/propulsion
  4. Digestion (chemical and mechanical)
  5. Absorption
  6. Defacation
  7. Barrier
  8. Immunological
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9
Q

Describe the ingestion process of the digestive system

A

Eating/drinking

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10
Q

Describe the secretion process of the digestive system. how much do we secrete a day through GI?

A

secretions by glands

we secrete 7L of “stuff” a day - water, hydrochloric acid, buffers, enzymes, mucous

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11
Q

Describe the mixing/propulsion process of the digestive system

A

smooth muscle moves food downward and also works to break down the food particles

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12
Q

Describe the digestion process of the digestive system

A

mechanical digesiton: breaks down food into smaller pieces of food (still food) so they have high surface area

chemical digestion: enzymes break bonds of macromolecules to make them micromolecules so that they may cross membrane into body

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13
Q

Describe the absorption process of the digestive system

A

takes place primarily in the small intestine

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14
Q

Describe the defacation process of the digestive system

A

defecation of feces

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15
Q

Describe the barrier process of the digestive system

A

Mucosa is the epithelial lining of the mucous membrane in the GI tract. Mucosa is very selective

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16
Q

Describe the immunologic protection process of the digestive system

A

when things cross the mucosa epithelial lining of the mucous membrane of the GI tract, the lymph along the mucosa is the first line of defense

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17
Q

Mouth aka ___ aka ____

A

Mouth aka oral cavity aka buccal cavity

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18
Q

What is the oral cavity bounded by?

A

Cheeks, hard/solf palate, tongue, floor of mouth

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19
Q

What muscle is in the lips?

A

Orbicularis oris muscle (skeletal muscle)

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20
Q

What is the posterior aspect of the oral cavity? What does it open into?

A

The fauces open into the oropharynx

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the oral cavity? describe them both.

A
  1. Vestibule: between lips/teeth and between cheeks/teeth
  2. Oral cavity proper: superior border of hard/solf palate; inferior border of tongue/floor of mouth; posterior border of fauces to oropharynx; all other borders are teeth
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22
Q

What is bolus?

A

Semi-solid mass of food
“Food” is not what is swallowed in the GI tract.
“Bolus” is swallowed

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23
Q

Describe enamel

A

96-98% HA crystallites

acellular, mineralized tissue without collagen

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24
Q

Describe central pulp cavity

A

loose connective tissue that is highly vascularized

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25
Q

Describe periodontal ligaments

A

fibrous connective tissue (dense and loose) wit lots of collagen

connects root to alveolar bone

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26
Q

Describe gingiva

A

mucous membrane bound to periosteum of maxillae/mandible

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27
Q

Saliva is ___% water, ____% solutes

A

99.5% water, 0.5% solutes

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28
Q

On average, humans secrete ____mL of saliva a day

A

1000mL - 1500mL

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29
Q

What are the 5 functions of saliva?

A
  1. Moisten oral mucosa
  2. Moisten dry food
  3. Provide medium for food materials to dissolve so they can chemically stimulate taste buds
  4. Buffer contents of oral cavity
  5. Contains amylase that partially breaks down starch (polysaccharides)
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30
Q

Why does the oral mucosa need to be moistened?

A

because it’s a wet membrane that needs to remain wet

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31
Q

Why do taste buds require a medium for food materials?

A

taste buds are complex chemoreceptors which only respond to chemicals in an aqueous solution

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32
Q

Why does the oral cavity need to be buffered? What helps buffer?

A

We have an acidic diet

Buffered by bicarbonate and phosphate ions

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33
Q

The pharynx connects the ___ cavity and the __ cavity to the ___ and ____.

A

the pharynx connects the nasal cavity and the oral cavity to the larynx and esophagus

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34
Q

What are the three portions of the pharynx from superior to inferior?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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35
Q

Nasopharynx:

  • Location?
  • Epithelium?
  • Food or air?
A

posterior to nasal cavity, superior to soft palate (when swalloing, soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx)

AIR ONLY

ciliated psudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory)

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36
Q

Oropharynx:

  • Location?
  • Epithelium?
  • Food or air?
A

posterior to oral cavity, between soft palate and epiglottis

air and food

nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium

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37
Q

Laryngopharynx:

  • Location?
  • Epithelium?
  • Food or air?
A

At superior border of upright epiglottis and opens to esophagus and larynx

air and food

nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium

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38
Q

General layers of alimentary canal wall structure from lumen to exterior

A
  1. Mucosa (epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa Adventitia
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39
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa?

A

epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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40
Q

What is the composition of the lining epithelium of the mucous layer of alimentary canal wall?

A

this is what is right up against the food
Depends where you are on the body

PROTECTION = nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus, pharynx, part of anus)

ABSORPTION: simple columnar epithelium (small intestine, large intestine, stomach) which also have tight junctions so it’s highly selective

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41
Q

What is the composition of lamina propria in the mucosa of alimentary canal wall?

A

loose (areolar) connective tissue of mucous membrane

lots of blood vessels (because overlying epithelium is avascular)

lots of lymph tissues called GALT (gut associated lymph tissue)

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42
Q

Where is GALT located in the alimentary canal wall?

A

GALT = gut associated lymph tissue

found primarily in the lamina propria layer of the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal wall

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43
Q

What is the composition of the muscularis mucosae in the mucosa of the alimentary canal wall?

A

smooth muscle (thin layers)

contraction of these smooth muscle layers throw the mucous membrane in different folds

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44
Q

Where is the submucosa layer in relation to the lumen?

A

submucosa is after the mucosa layer

it is before to the muscularis externa and the adventitia/serosa layer

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45
Q

What is the composition of the submucosa layer?

A

dense irregular connective tissue is the most common

has many types of glands and lymphoid tissue

Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus): part of innervation of GI tract found in submucosal layer. Important in controlling secretory cells/mucosal epithelium

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46
Q

What is meissner’s plexus? Where is it found?

A

Meissner’s plexus (aka submucosal plexus) found in the submucosal layer of the alimentary canal wall

Part of innervation of GI tract

Important in controlling secretory cells and mucosal epithelium

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47
Q

Where is the muscularis externa in relation to the lumen?

A

After the mucosa and submucosa layer

Before the adventitia/serosa layer

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48
Q

What is the composition of the muscularis externa?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle (inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer)

with Myenteric nerve plexus (aka auerbach’s plexus) between the two smooth muscle layers

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49
Q

What is Myenteric nerve plexus? Where is it found?

A

aka auerbach’s plexus

Found between the two smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa portion of the alimentary canal wall

Controls the contraction/relaxation of these two smooth muscles (which control peristalsis)

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50
Q

Describe the two smooth layers of the muscularis externa in detail. What happens when they contract?

A

Inner circular layer:

  • surrounds the lumen
  • contraction = constrict lumen, elongate organ

Outer longitudinal layer

  • cells at 90deg ang running length of GI tract
  • contract = dilate lumen, shorten organ
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51
Q

How does peristalsis occur?

A

Involuntarily

Alterations of contractions/relaxations of inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa on the alimentary canal wall

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52
Q

What does peristalsis do?

A

Moves products from one location to the next

Also helps break down food physically and chemically by mixing in with secretions

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53
Q

Where in the body is muscularis externae not smooth muscle?

A

Upper 1/3 of esophagus = skeletal

Outside of anal canal = skeletal

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54
Q

How is a sphincter formed?

A

the inner circular layer of muscularis externa on the alimentary canal wall thickens so much that it constricts the lumen

sphincters help to regulate flow

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55
Q

Where is the serosa/adventitia layer in relation to lumen?

A

After the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa layers

outermost layer of organ

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56
Q

What determines if an organ has serosa or adventitia on the outermost layer?

A

Serosa = visceral peritoneum (within peritoneal cavity)

Adventitia = retroperitoneal position / outside of peritoneal cavity

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57
Q

What is the composition difference of serosa and adventitia?

A

Serosa = mesothelium = simple squamous epithelium on top of loose areolar connective tissue

Adventitia = loose areolar connective tissue

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58
Q

What is the physical location of the esophagus? (superior, inferior and posterior)

A

Superior to the stomach, inferior to the laryngopharynx and posterior to the trachae

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59
Q

How long is the esophagus?

A

10 inches in length (collapsable)

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60
Q

Where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

T10 at the esophageal hiatus

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61
Q

What kind of mucosa layer does the esophagus have?

A

nonkeritanized stratified sqaumous epithelium

the muscularis mucosae is “blotchy”

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62
Q

What type of muscularis externa layer does the esophagus have?

A

Varies within the esophagus

Upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 = mixed skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3 = smooth muscle

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63
Q

What type of serosa/adventitia layer does the esophagus have?

A

Pre-T10 (at diaphragm), it is only adventitia

Once passed the esophageal hiatus, now fully in the paritoneal cavity so fully serosa until reach the stomach

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64
Q

What digestive activity is occurring in the esophagus?

A

None. The esophagus transports food from point a to point b. little secretion takes place here.

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65
Q

What types of mucous glands to the esophagus have?

A

Two types:

  1. Proper esophageal glands
  2. Esophageal cardiac glands
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66
Q

Proper esophageal glands: where are they found? what do they do?

A

Found in submucosa
Along entire length of esophagus but especially concentrated in upper half

Produce mucous for protection and to keep membrane wet

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67
Q

Esophageal cardiac glands: where are they? what do they do?

A

Found in lamina propria (of mucosa)
Found as you get closer to the stomach

Produce mucous for protection and to keep the membrane wet

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68
Q

What special relationship do the esophageal cardiac glands have with hydrochloric acid?

A

The stomach produces hydrochloric acid. As the sphincter to the stomach opens, we can get gastric reflux.

Esophageal cardiac glands at distal end of esophagus help with this reflex by producing mucous

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69
Q

Histology change at junction of stomach and esophagus?

A

immediate change between non-keritinized stratified squamous of esophagus to simple columnar of stomach.

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70
Q

What are the 4 anatomical subdivisions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

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71
Q

What kind of glands are found in the cardia region?

A

Cardia glands (secrete mucous)

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72
Q

What kind of glands are found in the pyloric region?

A

Pyloric glands (secrete mucous)

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73
Q

How do you tell the difference between a cardiac gland and a pyloric gland on a slide?

A

Both produce mucin which releases to produce mucous when mixed with water.

Pyloric glands have longer gastric pits

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74
Q

What kind of glands are found in the body and fundus?

A

Fundic glands (some secrete HCl, some secrete pepsinogen)

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75
Q

What are rugae? What do they do?

A

Rugae are stomach folds - NOT FOR SURFACE AREA.

They have a submucosa core

They are present for expansion. When stomach is full - rugae disappear

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76
Q

What kind of mucosa layer does the stomach have?

A

Simple columnar epithelium
(immediate change from esophagus non-keritinized stratified squamous)

Has surface mucous cells
Have gastric pits leading to simple branched tubular. Name these pits baed on region (cardiac region = cardiac glands)

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77
Q

What kind of submucosa layer does the stomach have?

A

No glands from mucosa extend in this layer

Still has lymph tissue and blood vessels but does not have glands

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78
Q

What kind of muscularis externa does the stomach have?

A

Additional layer!! (Usually inner circular and outer longitudinal)

Stomach has 3 because food is present for 3-4 hours here and needs a lot of smooth muscle to churn.

Inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

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79
Q

What kind of serosa/adventitia layer does the stomach have?

A

Serosa.
Because completely covered in mesothelium because in peritoneal

Has surface mucous cells (PITS) What’s at bottom of pit depends where you are in the stomach

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80
Q

Where are goblet cells located in the stomach?

A

NOWHERE. When these are present in the stomach we have a special name for mucous cells depending no the area (cardiac/fundic/pyloric)

Term “goblet cell” mostly for small intestine

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81
Q

What are mucous neck cells in the stomach?

A

Found in fundic glands of the stomach

produce mucous - found in neck region of fundic gland

82
Q

What are parietal cells in the stomach?

A

Found in fundic glands of the stomach

Produce HCl and Intrinsic Factor

Large, pyramidal with large central spherical nucleus.

HCl production needs lots of mitochondria so parietal cells stain very eosinophilic

83
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

Produced by parietal cells in fundic glands

Important for converting vitamin B12 in intestines

84
Q

What are chief cells in the stomach?

A

Found in fundic glands of the stomach

aka Zymogen cells
have zymogen granules
produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase

85
Q

Do chief cells produce active pepsin or pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells produce pre-cursor pepsinogen because you don’t want active pepsin in the cell - you want that in the lumen.

86
Q

What are G-cells in the stomach?

A

Found in fundic glands of the stomach

Entero-endocrine cells (secrete hormones)
found in bottom portion of the gland

Produce gastrin which stimulates the parietal cells to secrete HCl

87
Q

What is the relationship between G-cells and parietal cells?

A

G-cells (lower down in the fundic gland pit) produce gastrin which stimulates parietal cells (more towards the surface of the fundic gland pit) to secrete HCl

88
Q

Small intestine role

A

absorption and to continue to move chume via peristalsis

89
Q

What are the lengths of the 3 portions of the small intesinte?

A

duodenum - 25cm
jejunum - 2.5m
ileum - 3.5m

90
Q

Difference in length of small intestine in a living human vs. a cadaver?

A

Living human = 10 ft, cadaver = 21 feet

91
Q

What are plicae circularis in the small intestine?

A

“circular folds” seen best at the jejunum but also seen in all of small intestine

92
Q

What is the core of plicae circularis in the small intestine?

A

Submucosa

93
Q

Are plicae circularis temporary or permanent?

A

permanent.

94
Q

What are villi of small intestine?

A

fingerlike projections of the mucosa

95
Q

How long are villi of small intestine?

A

0.5 - 1.5mm in length

96
Q

Where are villi located in small intestine?

A

Located on each plicae circularies

97
Q

What is the core of villi in small intestine?

A

Lamina propria

98
Q

What is the general shape of villi in small intestine?

A

in the duodenum they are leaf like (wider)

in jejunum and ileum they are fingerlike (thinner)

99
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Projections of apical membrane of intestine absorptive cell

100
Q

What forms a striated border?

A

microvilli being so uniform in shape and so common in the small intestine

101
Q

What is the core of microvilli?

A

actin

102
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

simple columnar epithelium

103
Q

What is found in the epithelium of the mucosa of small intestine? 4 things

A

Absorptive cells (enterocytes)
Striated border
Goblet cell
Secretory cells

104
Q

Enterocyte definition

A

a cell of the small intestine

105
Q

Where are goblet cells most prominent in the small intestine?

A

Number of goblet cells increase while moving distally in small intestine

106
Q

What do secretory cells do in the epithelium of the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

secrete enzymes to break down macromolecules

107
Q

What are Crypts of Lieberkuhn and where are they found?

A

intestinal glands found in the mucosa layer of small intestine

108
Q

T/F: the Crypts of Lieberkuhn extend beyond the muscularis mucosae layer.

A

FALSE.

Crypts of Lieberkuhn stay within the mucosa layer.

109
Q

What is found within the crypts of lieberkuhn? 6 things.

A 
Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Stem cells
Paneth cells
tubular glands
enteroendocrine cells
110
Q

Where in crypts of lieberkuhn are stem cells located and what do they do?

A

They are located at the junction of the villus and intestinal gland opening

They differentiate and either move up or down in the process

111
Q

Where in crypts of lieberkuhn are paneth cells and what do they do?

A

located at the bottom of the crypt

secrete lysozymes (exocrine)
keep bacterial flora in check
produce hormones to keep GI regulated

112
Q

What glands are found in the submucosa layer of the small intestine?

A

Glands in submucosa are only found in teh duodenum

Called brunner’s gland.

113
Q

Brunner’s gland aka _____

A

duodenal gland

114
Q

What do brunner’s glands do?

A

produce alkaline to neutralize the chyme

115
Q

Where are brunner’s glands located?

A

submucosa layer of the duodenum (only)

116
Q

What is the muscularis externa layer like in the small intestine?

A

back to 2 layers (after stomach added the inner oblique layer)

only has: inner circular and outer longitudinal

117
Q

Does the small intestine have serosa or adventitia?

A

depends if it’s intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

duodenum is both retro and intra

118
Q

What are Peyer’s patches? Where are they located?

A

grouped lymphatic nodules / “aggregated lymphatic follicles”

Located in the lamina propria and the submucosa of the ileum

119
Q

Are peyer’s patches eosinophilic of basophilic?

A

Basophilic

120
Q

What are M cells?

A

Microfold cells

Specialized epithelial cells that are overlying peyer’s patches

Cannot see them - just know they’re there

121
Q

What do M cells do?

A

Help detect antigens by taking samples of materials from the lumen and transferring them to macrophages

122
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine from a histology standpoint?

A

Re-absorption of electrolytes and water

123
Q

Not enough water absorbed = _____

Too much water absorbed = _____

A

not enough = dehydration

too much = constipation

124
Q

Where are plicae circularis in the large intestine?

A

Nowhere.

plicae circularis only found in the small intestine

125
Q

Where are villi found in the large intestine?

A

nowhere.

126
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

grouped together outer longitudinal smooth muscle seen on surface

127
Q

Where are teniae coli seen in the large intestine?

A

everywhere but rectum, anal canal and appendix

128
Q

What are haustra?

A

they are pockets seen in colon and rectum (??????)

129
Q

Ommental appendages aka _____

A

epiploic appendages

130
Q

What are ommental appendages? Where are they found?

A

aka epiploic appendages

They are fatty projections of serosa that hang off of haustra. They can sometimes twist off and float in peritoneal space

131
Q

What are anal columns?

A

folds of mucosa in anal canal

132
Q

What is the epithelial layer of mucosa of the large intestine?

A

simple columnar epithelium

133
Q

Do the large intestines have paneth cells? Why/why not?

A

No.

Paneth cells are antibacterial. That is what you want in the small intestine, not the large intestine.

134
Q

What is a colonocyte?

A

an absorptive cell of the large intestine

135
Q

What is within the crypts of lieberkuhn? 5 things

A 
tubular gland
intestinal absorptive cell (colonocyte)
goblet cell
enteroendocrine cells
stem cells
136
Q

Why are goblet cells so prevalent in the large intestine?

A

In the large intestine we are re-absorbing water which creates friction.

Goblet cells are increasingly prevalent the more distal you go (which has more friction) because mucous helps prevent friction

137
Q

What is found in the lamina propria of large intestine?

A

galt (gut associated lymph tissue)

not as aggregated as it was in the small intestine - ie no peyer’s patches

138
Q

What is found in the submucosa of the large intestine?

A

lots of lymphoid cells, lymphoid nodules, galt

139
Q

What is found in the muscularis externa layer of the large intestine?

A

two layers: inner circular and outer longitudinal

outer longitudinal groups together to form tenia coli everywhere except anal canal, rectum and appendix

140
Q

Where are teniae coli found?

A

everywhere in the large intestine except the anal canal, the rectum and the appendix

141
Q

Where is the veriform appendix located?

A

hangs off of the cecum as an evagination of the cecum

142
Q

What is the shape of the veriform appendix lumen?

A

small and irregular

143
Q

What is the veriform appendix made up of?

A

lymphatic nodules

144
Q

What is known as the tonsile of the abdomen and why?

A

the veriform appendix because it’s made up of lymphatic nodules

145
Q

Does the veriform appendix have crypts of lieberkuhn?

A

Yes but they are small and rare

146
Q

What is the total length of the anal canal?

A

4cm

147
Q

What are the three zones of the anal canal and how are they divided?

A

Divided based on epithelial lining

  1. Colorectal zone (superior 1/3)
  2. ATZ (anal transition zone) (middle 1/3)
  3. Squamous zone (inferior 1/3)
148
Q

How long is the colorectal zone?

A

1-2cm in length

149
Q

What epithelium is in the colorectal zone?

A

simple columnar epithelium

150
Q

What is significant about the crypts of lieberkuhn in the colorectal zone?

A

crypts of lieberkuhn start to look irregular in this area

151
Q

What is the ATZ zone epithelium?

A

mixed simple columnar, stratified columnar or cuboidal, and stratified squamous 3-4 layers thick

152
Q

How long is the ATZ zone?

A

0.3 - 1.1 cm

153
Q

What is the distinguishing marker showing that you are in ATZ?

A

When muscularis mucosi is no longer present - this is the ATZ

154
Q

What is the epithelium of the squamous zone?

A

non-keritinized stratified squamous - THICK (as opposed to the mixed stratified squamous which was only 3-4 cells thick)

155
Q

What is located in the submucosa of the anal canal? How is this different than the rest of the GI tract?

A

Most of the GI tract doesn’t have glands in the submucosa

Anal canal has glands that extend into the muscularis externa.
They are branched, tubular and produce mucous

156
Q

Orient the pancreas in the abdomen according to head/body/tail position

A

Head sits in c-shaped part of duodenum
Body is going across midline
Tail is pointing to the hilum of spleen

157
Q

98-99% of pancreas function is ____, the other 1-2% of pancreas function is ____

A

exocrine; endocrine

158
Q

What are islets of langerhan?

A

part of the endocrine function of the pancreas

159
Q

Islets of langerhan aka ______

A

pancreatic islets

160
Q

How does pancreatic juice exit the pancreas?

A

pancreatic juice exits pancreas via main pancreatic duct

161
Q

____ and ____ join together to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

main pancreatic duct and common bile duct

162
Q

main pancreatic duct and common bile duct join together to form _______

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

163
Q

Leaving the pancreas/liver, where does the hepatopancreatic ampulla go? To do what?

A

Joins the small intestine at the major duodenal papilla to secrete exocrine

164
Q

What is an acini?

A

secretory component

165
Q

What makes up pancreatic acini?

A

aciner cells (protein secreting)

166
Q

What is at the apical portion of pancreatic acini?

A

apical cytoplasm of pancreatic aciner has zymogen granules

167
Q

What are aciner cells?

A

protein secreting cells that make up pancreatic acini

168
Q

What do zymogen granules contain? Where are they found?

A

inactive enzymes for digestive tract

These are found in the apical cytoplasm of the pancreatic acini

169
Q

Staining: what is the difference between pancreatic acini and pancreatic islets? Why?

A

Pancreatic acini stain darker

Pancreatic islets stain lighter

170
Q

General: What is the difference between pancreatic acini and pancreatic islets?

A

Pancreatic acini are for exocrine function

Pancreatic islets are for endocrine function (aka islets of langerhan)

171
Q

Where does blood come from that supplies the liver?

A

Proper hepatic artery brings 25% of blood to liver - oxygenated

Portal vein brings 75% of blood to liver - nutrient rich and deoxygenated

172
Q

What does the proper hepatic artery supply to the liver?

A

25% of blood supply

oxygenated blood

173
Q

What does the portal vein supply to the liver?

A

75% of blood supply

deoxygenated nutrient rich blood

174
Q

Where do the portal vein and proper hepatic artery deliver their blood supply?

A

To the liver sinusoid

175
Q

What does the liver sinusoid receive blood from?

A

Portal vein (75%) and proper hepatic artery (25%)

176
Q

What is the liver sinusoid?

A

Leaky capillaries for blood to bathe in hepatocytes (to detoxify it)

177
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

aka hepatic cells aka liver cells

specialized liver cells work to detoxify blood

178
Q

Pathway of blood from liver sinusoid back to heart

A

Liver sinusoid -> central vein -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava -> right atrium of the heart

179
Q

Portal vein system has how many capillary beds?

A
  1. with a portal vein system between the 2 capillary beds.
180
Q

What is a classic hepatic lobule?

A

the structural and functional unit of the liver

181
Q

What is the structure of a hepatic lobule?

A

6 sided structure (hexagon or polyhedral)

182
Q

The hepatic lobule consists of stacks of ______ surrounding _____

A

stacks of hepatocyte plates surrounding a central vein

183
Q

What are hepatic plates separated by?

A

anastomosing sinusoids

184
Q

What are anastomosing sinusoids lined by?

A

discontinuous endothelium

185
Q

Hepatocyte apical specializations?

A

hepatocytes have microvilli that extend into the perisinusoidal space

186
Q

Perisinusoidal space of hepatic lobule aka _____

A

space of disse

187
Q

Where is the space of disse? Space of disse aka _____

A

aka perisinusoidal spcae

the space between endothelial cells and hepatocytes

188
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Stellate macrophages

189
Q

Where are kupffer cells?

A

larges cells lining the sinusoid

190
Q

What is kupffer cell function?

A

involved in breakdown of old/damaged RBCs from spleen

phagocytosis

191
Q

What are kupffer cell’s derived from?

A

monocytes

think: kupffer cells are macrophages. macrophages are derived from monocytes

192
Q

Hepatic stellate cells aka _____

A

Ito cells

193
Q

Ito cells aka _____

A

hepatic stellate cells

194
Q

What is hepatic stellate cell function?

A

aka ito cells

store hepatic vitamin A

195
Q

Where are hepatic stellate cells found?

A

aka ito cells

found in perisinusoidal space

196
Q

Where is the portal canal found in relation to a classic hepatic lobule?

A

On the corner

197
Q

What is within the portal canal?

A

the portal triad

198
Q

What is within the portal triad?

A

portal vein (75% of deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood), hepatic portal artery (25% oxygenated blood) and branch of bile duct system

199
Q

What is the branch of the bile duct system epithelium?

A

lined with simple cuboidal cells

200
Q

What are the 4 important cell types of the liver?

A

Hepatocytes, endothelial cells, kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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