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IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 > Histology: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Histology: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Glands are classified as either _______ or _______. What is the difference.

A

Either exocrine or endocrine

Exocrine = secrete onto surface either directly or through a duct

Endocrine - secrete internally, ductless glands, secrete hormones, utilize cardiovascular system for distribution

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2
Q

Hormones can be broken up into two types: __ and __.

A

Circulating Hormones and Local Hormones

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3
Q

What are the two types of local hormones/what do they do?

A

Paracrine hormones = hit neighboring cells

Autocrine hormones = hit themselves

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4
Q

What is the main visceral control center for the body to maintain homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

What are examples of how the hypothalamus controls /maintains homeostatis?

A

regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, sexual behavior, endocrine system function!

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6
Q

What is the “command center for the endocrine system” and why?

A

Hypothalamus

Because it’s secretions regulate other glands

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7
Q

The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland via ____

A

infundibulum

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8
Q

Wha tis the “master gland for endocrine system”?

A

Pituitary gland

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9
Q

Together, what do hypothalamus adn pituitary gland regulate?

A

virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism and homeostasis

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10
Q

The hypothalamus produces/releases __(#) hormones

A

9

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11
Q

How are the # of hormones released/produced from hypothalamus categorized?

A

9 hormones

5 are releasing hormones
2 are inhibiting hormones

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12
Q

Pituitary gland aka _____

A

hypophysis

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13
Q

Infundibulum aka ____

A

Stalk

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14
Q

Describe the location of the pituitary gland

A

Sits in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone
or
Sits in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone

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15
Q

What are the 2 functional components of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

Anterior pituitary gland aka ____ or _____

A

anterior pituitary gland
aka anterior lobe
aka adenohypophysis

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17
Q

Posterior pituitary gland aka ____ or ____

A

posterior pituitary gland
aka posterior lobe
aka neurohypophysis

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18
Q

How many/what are the parts of the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Pars Distalis
  2. Pars Intermedia
  3. Pars Tuberalis

Pars NERVosa is in the NEUROhypophysis

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19
Q

How many/what are the parts of the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Pars Nervosa
  2. Infundibulum

Pars NERvosa in the NEUROhypophysis

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20
Q

Describe Pars Distalis

A

Portion of the anterior lobe

Cords of epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries

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21
Q

Describe Pars Intermedia

A

Portion of the anterior lobe

Cells are basophilic corticotropes (produce MSH)
Surrounds a series of colloid-filled follicles that represent residual lumen of Rathke’s Pouch

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22
Q

Describe Pars Tuberalis

A

Portion of the anterior lobe

Forms collar/sheath around the infundibulum
most cells basophilic gonatropic cells

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23
Q

Describe Pars Nervosa

A

Portion of the posterior lobe

Neurosecretory axons and endings

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24
Q

Describe the infundibulum

A

Portion of the posterior lobe

Contains neurosecreotry axons forming through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tracts

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25
Q

How is release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland regulated?

A

hormones of anterior pituitary gland are stimulated/repressed by the hormones released from the hypothalamus

Stimulated by 5 releasing hormones
Suppressed by 2 inhibiting hormones

Also inhibited through negative feedback loop

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26
Q

How do regulating hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe?

A

Remember: anterior lobe’s release/supression of hormones is regulated from the hormones released from the hypothalamus

These hormones reach the anterior lobe via hypothalama-hypophyseal portal system

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27
Q

Where are the neurosecretory neurons?

A

in the hypothalamus

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28
Q

What do the neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize?

A

the hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones

this is synthesized in their cell bodies

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29
Q

After being synthesized in the neurosecretory neurons cell bodies in hypothalamus, hypothalamic hormones travel down _____ and exit via _____.

A

Hypothalamic hormones travel down the axons of the neurosecretory cells to the axon terminals where they exit via exocytosis

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30
Q

After exiting the neurosecretory cell axon terminal, hypothalamic hormones enter ____ at the ___ via ____

A

Enter the HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM at the PRIMARY PLEXUS OF THE HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM via DIFFUSION

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31
Q

What is the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system? What is it’s distinguishing morphological feature?

A

This is how hypothalamic hormones diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system

they are fenestrated capillaries (because hormones ente here via DIFFUSION)

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32
Q

The hypothalamic hormones pass through the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system to the ___ and into the _____.

A

into the HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL VEINS

and then into the SECONDARY PLEXUS OF THE HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM

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33
Q

What is the secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system? What is it’s distinguishing morphological characteristic?

A

The second set of fenestrated capillaries which hypothalamic hormones travel through

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34
Q

At the end of the secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system, where do the hypothalamic hormones end?

A

The secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system brings hypothalamic hormones DIRECTLY into the

PARS DISTALIS

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35
Q

There are 2 groups of secretory cells in the anterior lobe based on staining affinity. What are they?

A
  1. Chromophils

2. Chromophobes

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36
Q

What is the difference between chromophils and chromophobes?

Where are they?

A

Pars Distalis (Anterior lobe)

CHROMOPHILS - affinity for staining. hormone stored in cytoplasm.

CHROMOPHOBES- weak stain. few or no secretory cells. clear cells. reserve/primitive cells. undifferentiated cells - can become chromophils

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37
Q

What is the % of chromophils vs chromophobes

A

50% and 50% of pars distalis

*remember chromophobes are undifferentiated and can become chromophils

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38
Q

What are the two types of chromophils in the pars distalis?

What is there % breakdown?

A
  1. Basophils - 10%
    affinity for basic dyes
  2. Acidophils 40%
    affinity for acidic dyes
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39
Q

How many types of basophils are present in pars distalis? What are they?

A
  1. Gonadotropes (FSH and LH)
  2. Corticotropes (ACTH)
  3. Thryotropes (TSH)
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40
Q

How many types of acidphils are present in pars distalis? What are they?

A
  1. Somatotropes (GH) - most abundant

2. Lactotropes (mammotropes, PRL)

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41
Q

hGh

  • Full name?
  • What cell secretes?
  • What cell type?
A

Human Growth Hormone

Somatotropes

Acidphophil (chromophil)

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42
Q

TSH

  • Full name?
  • What cell secretes?
  • What cell type?
A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

Thyrotropes

Basophil (chromophil)

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43
Q

FSH

  • Full name?
  • What cell secretes?
  • What cell type?
A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Gonadotropes

basophil (chromophil)

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44
Q

LH

  • Full name?
  • What cell secretes?
  • What cell type?
A

Luteinizing Hormone

Gonadotropes

Basophil (chromophil)

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45
Q

PRL

  • Full name?
  • What cell secretes?
  • What cell type?
A

Prolactin

Lactotropes

Acidophil (chromophil)

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46
Q

ACTH

  • Full name?
  • What cell secretes?
  • What cell type?
A

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

Corticotropes

Basophils (chromophils)

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47
Q

MSH

  • Full name?
  • What cell secretes?
  • What cell type?
A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

Corticotropes

Basophils (chromophils)

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48
Q

What do somatotropes secrete?

A

hormone secreting hormone - acidophils

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49
Q

what do thyrotropes secrete?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone - basophils

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50
Q

What do gonadotropes secrete?

A

follicle stimulating hormone - basophil

luteinizing hormone - basophil

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51
Q

What do lactotropes secrete?

A

prolactin - acidophil

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52
Q

What do corticotropes secrete?

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone - basophils

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone - basophils

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53
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is continuous with the infundibulum on a histology slide?

A

the pars nervosa

can tell by same cell type

54
Q

Does the posterior lobe synthesize hormones? Are there secretory cells present?

A

Posterior lobe does not synthesize hormones

therefore there are no secretory cells present

55
Q

What is actually found within the posterior lobe?

A

axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons

fibroblasts, mast cells and pituicytes

56
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

cell type of posterior lobe

Type of glial cell resembling astrocyte; associates with fenestrated capillaries; has many branches; pigmented vesicle in cytoplasm; nuclei round/oval; most common cell type in posterior lobe

57
Q

What is the most common cell type in the posterior lobe? What are the other cell types? What else is present?

A

Most common cell type = pituicytes

other cell types: fibroblasts, mast cells

other structures: axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons

58
Q

What are the two hormones stored and released in the posterior lobe?

A
  1. Oxytocin (OT)

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

59
Q

Where are the axons of the hypothalmic neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

In the infundibulum

60
Q

Where are the terminal boutons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

In the posterior lobe

61
Q

Where are the hormones stored in the posterior lobe?

A

Herring bodies

secretory vesicles in dilated portions of the axons near the terminals

62
Q

What are Herring bodies? Where are they located?

A

Herring bodies are secretory vesicles where hormones are stored in the posterior lobe.

They are found in the dilated portions of the axons near terminal bodies.

63
Q

What is Oxytocin’s target tissue?

A

uterus and mammary glands

64
Q

How is oxytocin secretion controlled?

A

neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete OT in respones to uterine distention and stimulation of nipples

65
Q

What is the principal action of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates control of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth;

stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection

66
Q

What is ADH (vasopressin)’s target tissue?

A

Kidneys, Sudoriferous (sweat) glands, Arterioles

67
Q

How is ADH (vasopressin) secretion controlled?

A

neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete ADH in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain or stress, low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, and alcohol inhibit ADH secretion

68
Q

What is ADH (vasopressin) principal action?

A

conserves body water by decreasing urine volume

decreases water loss through perspiration, raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

69
Q

What is the pineal gland/body and where is it located?

A

It is a neuroendocrine gland.

Located in diencephalon

70
Q

What does the pineal gland/body do?

A

regulates daily body rythm; day and night cycle (circadian rythm)

71
Q

Which endocrine gland regulates the circadian rhythm?

A

the pineal body

neuroendocrine gland

72
Q

Pineal gland/body major hormone production is _____

A

melatonin

73
Q

What endocrine gland secretes mostly melatonin?

A

Pineal gland/body (because in charge of regulating circadian rhythm)

74
Q

What are the two cell types in the pineal gland/body and % presence?

A
  1. Pinealocytes (parenchymal cells) 95%

2. Interstitial (glial) cells 5%

75
Q

Pineal gland/body has a characteristic presence of _______

How can you identify these on histo slide?

A

corpora arenacea (brain sand)

seen as giant purple circles on histology slide

76
Q

Adrenal glands aka ____

A

Suprarenal gland

77
Q

What structure is surrounding the adrenal gland?

A

capsule (just like kidney)

78
Q

Two parts of the adrenal gland are ____ and ____

A

cortex and medulla

79
Q

Describe the difference between the cortex and the medulla of an adrenal gland

A

Cortex - large, peripheral, just below capsule, makes up 80-90% of gland, steroid-secreting

Medulla- smaller, centrally located, catecholamine-secreting cells

80
Q

What is the difference between production in cortex and medulla?

A

Cortex - produces steroir secreting cells

Medulla - produces catecholamine secreting cells

81
Q

What are the subdivisions of cortex in the adrenal gland?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona Fasciulata
  3. Zona Reticularis
82
Q

Describe the zona glomerulosa (on histo slide)

A

outermost area of the adrenal cortex

appear rounded (ribbon-like)

acinar appearance but not long like acinus

83
Q

Describe the zona fasciculata (on histo slide)

A

Middle area of the adrenal cortex between zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis

long columnar cells
lighter stained, foamy appearance to cytoplasm

thickest layer

84
Q

Describe the zona reticularis (on histo slide)

A

Third and innermost zone of the adrenal cortex

Has many sinusoid vessels passing between the layers

Darker staining and has reticular-like or trabecular-like arrangement

85
Q

Zona glomerulosa:

  • What type of hormone secreted?
  • Main hormone secreted?
  • Main function?
A

Zona Glomerulosa

Type of hormones secreted: mineralocorticoid hormone

Main hormone secreted: aldosterone

Function: regulates Na, K and water; control of blood pressure

86
Q

Zona Fasciculata:

  • What type of hormone secreted?
  • Main hormone secreted?
  • Main function?
A

ZONA FASCICULATA

Type of hormone: glucocorticoid hormones

main hormone: cortisol

main function: regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism; suppresses the immune system; provides reistance to stress

87
Q

Zona reticularis

  • What type of hormone secreted?
  • Main hormone secreted?
  • Main function?
A

ZONA RETICULARIS

Type of hormone secreted: androgen hormone

Main hormone secreted: DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) important for gonad development

Function: Assists in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes

88
Q

Medulla of adrenal glands

  • What type of hormone secreted?
  • Main hormone secreted?
  • Main function?
A

MEDULLA

Type of hormone secreted: cateocholamines

Main hormones secreted: epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (NE) *noradrenaline)

Function: intesify sympathetic responses in other parts of the body

89
Q

Are adrenal medulla sympathetic ganglion?

A

they are MODIFIED sympathetic ganglion

90
Q

What is the adrenal medulla’s embryologic origin?

A

neural crest cells

91
Q

Does the adrenal medulla have axons pesent?

A

No and therefore do not release a neurotransmitter

92
Q

What are chromaffin cells? Where are they?

A

Chromaffin cells are modified neurons that cluster around blood vessels and release hormones in the adrenal medulla

93
Q

How are chromaffin cells controlled?

A

(modified neurons in adrenal medulla)

controlled by sympathetic preganglionic cells which allows for quick signaling to chromaffin cells to release hormones via exocytosis

94
Q

What are the islets of langhan? Where are they?

A

The endocrine portion of the pancreas

aka pancreatic islets 100-200um in diameter

found throughout pancreas but most numerous in tail

95
Q

What do islets of langerhan do?

A

synthesize and secrete hormones in the pancreas (mostly in the tail of the pancreas)

96
Q

How do islets of langerhan stain? What are we comparing them to?

A

They stain pale compared to the exocrine portion of the pancreas (pancreatic acini)

97
Q

What are the 4 principle cells of the islets of langerhan?

A
  1. Beta or B cells
  2. Alpha or A cells
  3. Delta or D cells
  4. F Cells
98
Q

What do the 3 principle cells of the islets of langerhan produce?

A
  1. Beta (B) Cells = insulin
  2. Alpha (A) cells = glucagon
  3. Delta (D) cells = somatostatin (identical to growth hormone-inhibiting hormone GHIH from hypothalamus)
  4. F cells = pancreatic polypeptide
99
Q

Insulin.

What does it do? What is it released from?

A

Released from Beta cells of islets of langerhan in pancreas

LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL as it signals for an accelerated glucose transport into cells.

conversion of glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis)

100
Q

What is glycogenesis? How is it stimulated?

A

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

Insulin stimulates it. Insulin produced by beta cells of islets of langerhan in pancreas.

101
Q

Glucagon.

What does it do? What is it released from?

A

released by alpha cells in islets of langerhan of pancreas

RAISES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL as it signals for acceleration of breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis)

this glucose then released into blood

102
Q

What is glycogenolysis? What stimulates it?

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

stimulated by alpha cells of islets of langerhan of pancreas

103
Q

What is the difference between insulin and glucagon?

A

insulin = glucogenesis (glucose into glycogen) LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

glucagon = glucogenolysis (glycogen into glucose) RAISES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

104
Q

Somatostatin.

What does it do? What is it released by?

A

Released by delta cells of islets of langerhan in pancreas

inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

105
Q

Where are F cells located in relation to where the rest of the islets of langerhan are located?

A

F cells located within head of pancreas (all others are in tail of pancreas)

106
Q

Describe thyroid gland morphologically

A

3 parts: right lateral lobe
isthmus
left lateral lobe

fibrous capsule and septa, creating lobules

107
Q

What does the thyroid gland contain?

A

thyroid follicles surrounded by follicular cells

108
Q

Describe the epithelium of follicular cells and where they are in the thyroid gland

A

follicular cells surrounding thyroid follicles in thyroid gland

follicular cells are simple squamous to low columnar

109
Q

What are thyroid follicles responsible for?

A

production of thyroid hormones

110
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A
  1. Thryoxine (tetra-iodothyronine or t4) - 4 atoms of iodone

2. Tri-iodothyronine (t3) - 3 atoms of iodone

111
Q

What are t3 and t4 important for?

A

growth, cell differentiation, control of basal metabolic rate and oxygen consumption of body cells

112
Q

What are thyroid follicles filled with?

A

Colloid

which is gel-like mass predominantly composed of thyroglobulin

(thyroglobulin large iodinated glycoprotein which is teh inactive form of thyroid hormones)

113
Q

What is thyroglobulin? Where is it located?

A

thyroglobulin = large iodinated glycoprotein; inactive form of thyroid hormone

thyroglobulin makes up the most of colloid which is found within thyroid follicles

114
Q

How does thyrglobulin become thyroid hormones?

A

reminder: thyrglobulin is inactive form of thyroid hormone

when thyroid hormones need to be released, thyrglobulin is brough back into the follicular cells, modified, and released as thyroid hormones into fenestrated blood capillaries that surround follicles

115
Q

What is TGB?

A

thyroglobulin

116
Q

What are parafollicular cells? AKA ____

A

Aka C clls

may be part of follicular epithelium between follicles of thyroid gland

117
Q

Where are C cells found?

A

C cells aka parafollicular cells

found between follicles of the thyroid gland

118
Q

How do C cells compare to follicular cells in a histo slide?

A

C cells are larger and paler staining than follicular cells

119
Q

What do C cells produce?

A

Calcitonin hormone

120
Q

Calcitonin

What releases it? What is it’s impact?

A

C cells (parafollicular cells) of thyroid gland release calcitonin (CT)

CT decreases level of calcium in blood by encouraging calcium salts to be deposited in bone matrix (building of bone) and inhibits action of osteoclasts (cells that normally resorb or breakdown bone’s extracellular matrix)

121
Q

How is CT secretion regulated?

A

negative feedbcak systems control calcitonin secretion

high blood Ca levels stimulate secretion of CT

low blood Ca levels inhibit secretion of CT

122
Q

How many parathyroid glands does a person half?

A

typically 4 (2 on each side)

Can have anywhere from 2-6

123
Q

What are the 2 cell types located in the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. Chief cells

2. Oxyphil Cells

124
Q

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

  • What do they produce?
  • Describe their morphology, staining, etc.
A

Produce PTH (parathyroid hormone)

most numerous cell; small cell; round central nucleus; pale staining; slightly acidophilic cytoplasm

125
Q

Oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland

  • What do they produce?
  • Describe their morphology, staining, etc
A

Produce: unknown. Entire function unknown.

Larger cell; VERY acidophilic cytoplasm; more common with age; unknown function

126
Q

What is the impact of PTH? What secretes PTH?

A

PTH = Parathyroid hormone secreted by chief cells of parathyroid gland

Impact: increases level of calcium in blood stimulation of osteoclasts to resorb bone which releases Ca into blood

also acts on kidneys to slow rate of Ca loss from blood into urine

127
Q

What synthesizes oxytocin?

A

paraventricular nucleus

128
Q

What synthesizes ADH?

A

ADH - vassopressin

supraoptic nucleus

129
Q

What does supraoptic nucleus synthesize?

A

ADH/vasopressin

130
Q

What does paraventricular nucleus synthesize?

A

oxytocin

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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