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IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 > Histology: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Histology: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the reproductive system?

A

to perpetuate the species

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2
Q

What is the role of the reproductive system for males?

A

production of sperm and delivery to the female

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3
Q

What is the role of the reproductive system for females?

A

production of eggs, providing a location for fertilization, providing a location to house and support embryonic development

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4
Q

What is the essential organ of the reproductive system?

A

Gonads

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5
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

Gametes (or germ cells)

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6
Q

What produces gametes?

A

Gonads

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

gametes = germ cells

23 chrosomes (haploid); half as many as normal body cell

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8
Q

What are the gonads in males vs females

A 
Males = testes
Femaels = ovaries
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9
Q

There are 2 categories of female reproductive system. What are they?

A

External Organs
and
Internal Organs

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10
Q

What are the external organs of the female reproductive system?

A

ie external genitalia

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, cliteris, external urethral orifice and vaginal orifice

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11
Q

What are the internal organs of the female reproductive system?

A

vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and ligaments and supporting structures

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12
Q

Do they ovaries have endocrine or exocrine function?

A

both.

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13
Q

What is the endocrine function of ovaries?

A

produce estrogens and progesterons

via steroidogenesis

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14
Q

What is produced in female steroidogenesis?

A

estrogens and progesterones (for endocrine function of ovaries)

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15
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

(endocrine function of ovaries)

promotes the growth and maturation of internal and external sex organs

development of the secondary female sex characteristics; promotes breast development

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16
Q

What do progestogens do?

A

(endocrine function of the ovaries)

prepare internal sex organs (mostly uterus) for pregnancy by promoting changes in endometrium

prepare mammary glands for lactation

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17
Q

What is the exocrine function of the ovaries?

A

produce female gamete (ovum) via gametogenesis

specifically the ovaries produce and ovulate a secondary oocyte

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18
Q

What is produced in female gametogenesis and where does it take place?

A

ovum is produced

in ovaries (exocrine function)

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19
Q

Ovaries are homologous to male ____. Meaning what?

A

testes.

meaning the two organs have same embryological origin.

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20
Q

In first month of development ____ migrate from yolk sac to gonadal primordia.

A

primordial germ cells

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21
Q

Once in primordia, primordial germ cells divide via ___ and differentiate to form ____

A

PGCs divide via mitosis

differentiate into oogonia

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22
Q

Oogonia take two paths. Some undergo mitosis and others undergo meiosis. When?

A

beginning of third month

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23
Q

When do oogonia undergo meiosis?

A

beginning of the third month

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24
Q

Oogonia begin in meiosis and arrest in ___ so that they are called ____

A

prophase of first meiotic division

arrested cells are called primary oocytes

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25
Q

primary oocytes are in which state of division?

A

arrested in prophsae of first meiotic division

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26
Q

primary oocytes become surrounded by _____ and are now known as ____

A

primory oocytes are surrounded by follicular cells

they are now called primordial follicle

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27
Q

What is the primordial follicle?

A

the primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells

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28
Q

What is a follicular cell? What does it surround?

A

flattened supporting cells

surround primary oocyte to form primordial follicle

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29
Q

Most oogonia have transformed into primary oocytes by what point of development?

A

7th month

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30
Q

What is atresia?

A

spontaneous death and subsequent reabsorption (of primary oocyte)

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31
Q

when does atresia take place in development?

A

beginning the fifth month of fetal development.

continuous throughout woman’s lifetime.

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32
Q

In fetus there are # ovarian follicles.

at birth = #

beginning of puberty = #

where did they go?

A

5 million in fetus

600,000-800,000 at birth

300,000 at start of puberty

most lost to atresia

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33
Q

Where within the ovaries are the ovarian follicles found?

A

within the cortex of ovaries

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34
Q

Ovarian follicle is composed of ____

A

oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of epithelial cells

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35
Q

Are all ovarian follicles the same size?

A

No.

The size indicates the developmental state of the oocyte

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36
Q

What are the three basic types of an ovarian follicle?

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. growing follicle
    3 mature or graafian follicle
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37
Q

What are the two types of growing follicles?

A
  1. primary follicles

2. secondary follicles

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38
Q

What are the two types of primary follicles?

A
  1. early or unilaminar primary follicles

2. late or multilayered or multilaminar primary follicles

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39
Q

Primordial follicles

where are they relative to epithelium?

A

just deep to surface epithelium

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40
Q

Primordial follicles

Do they have a tunica albuginea?

A

yes. this is dense connective tissue layer

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41
Q

Primordilal follicles

What is the surface epithelium?

A

germinal epithelium.

because we used to think that this was the site of germ cell development (that’s wrong)

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42
Q

Primordial follicles

What effect does release of FSH have?

A

FSH released from pituitary gland (gonatotropic cell in anterior lobe)

causes a few primordial follicles to begin follicular growth;
growth in size of primary oocyte, proliferation and changes in follicular cells and proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts just outside of growing follicles

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43
Q

When FSH influences primordial follicles, is it still called a primary oocyte?

A

yes.

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44
Q

When does the unilaminar primary follicle form?

A

After the primordial follicle has undergone enough mitosis/differentiation.

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45
Q

primary follicle

what epithelium does it have around a primary oocyte?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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46
Q

How can you tell when you are no longer a primordial follicle and are now a unilaminar follicle?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium surrounding primary oocyte means you are now a primary follicle

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47
Q

As the oocyte grows it secretes ___

A

spermatozoa binding receptor (glycoprotein)

this assembles into an extracellular coat between oocyte and granulosa cells (zona pellucida)

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48
Q

What is spermatozoa binding receptor? What is it secreted by?

A

glycoprotein secreted by oocyte growing.

forms extracellular coat between primary oocyte and granulosa (zona pellucida)

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49
Q

How is the zona pellucida formed?

A

by spermatozoa binding receptor (glycoprotein secreted by oocyte growth) forming layer between oocyte and granulosa layer

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50
Q

How does the zona pellucida stain?

A

acidophilic stain

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51
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

Follicular growth causes follicles to become stratified epithelium.

that’s granulosa

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52
Q

What is the difference in epithelium between follicular cells and granulosa cells?

A

follicular - flattened / squamous cells

granulosa - stratified

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53
Q

What do follicular cells become after proliferation?

A

granulosa cells

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54
Q

How are granulosa cells connected to each other?

A

gap junctions

55
Q

What is at the basement membrane of a granulosa cell?

A

the boundary of the developing follicle

56
Q

Once stratified granulosa are visible, what state of follicle growth is it?

A

late/multilayered/multilaminar primary follicle

57
Q

All together, the granulosa cells make up ___.

A

stratum granulosum

58
Q

Is the late primary follicle (multilayered/multilaminar primary follicle) still a primary oocyte?

A

yes.

59
Q

What kind of cells surround the developing follicle?

A

stromal cells

60
Q

What are theca folliculi?

what are they developed from?

A

sheath of connective tissue cells

develop from stromal cells surrounding the developing follicle

61
Q

The theca folliculi differentiate into 2 parts….

A
  1. theca interna
  2. theca externa

often difficult to distinguish

62
Q

What hormone stimulates theca interna? What does it cause?

A

LH stimulates theca intera to synthesize/secrete androgens (precursor to estrogen)

this is an endocrine function

63
Q

What is within the theca interna?

A

fibroblasts, collagen bundles, blood vessels, CUBOIDAL secretory cells

64
Q

What is the theca externa made up of?

A

fibrous outer portion of the theca folliculi.

smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, bundles of collagen

65
Q

Granulosa cells secrete ___ to form ____

A

secrete fluid to form antrum

66
Q

The antrum is formed by what?

A

fluid secreted by granulosa cells; and re-organization of granulosa cells so that fluir is near each other

67
Q

Once the antrum is visible, what follicle is it?

A

secondary (antral) growing follicle

68
Q

granulosa cells of secondary follicles begint o form what?

A

corona radiata (outer layer of ovary)

69
Q

the corona radiata cells are connected via ___

A

gap junctions

because they’re granulosa cells and all granulosa cells (also the stratum granulosa) connected via gap junction

70
Q

Corona radiata is connected to other granulosa cells by ____

A

cumulus oophorus

71
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A

this is the connection of the corona radiata to other granuolsa cells

72
Q

Once at secondary follicle stage, does primary oocyte continue to grow?

A

no.

remains this size. this is the final stage of growth for primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase 1 of meiosis 1)

73
Q

When is follicle called the graafian/mature follicle?

A

when the secondary/antral follicle reaches 10mm in diameter

74
Q

Which of the secondary follicles progress into the mature/graafian follicular stage?

A

the largest and most dominant secondary follicles

75
Q

How many graafian follicles are produced each month?

A

Only 1 or 2 because only the largest/most dominant secondary follicles reach graafian/mature follicular stage.

76
Q

Why is the graafian follicle sometimes called the pre-ovulatory follicle?

A

because the graafian/mature follicle contains the oocyte that will be ovulated

77
Q

How large is the graafian/mature follicle?

A

can be 20-30mm in diameter

so big that protrudes through the surface of the ovary and will extend through the thickness of the ovarian cortex

78
Q

What happens to the antrum in graafian/mature follicles?

A

continues to grow larger

79
Q

What happens to secondary/antral follicles that do not progress into the graafian/mature follicular stage?

A

undergo atresia

apoptosis of granulosa cells

80
Q

What happens 24 hours before ovulation?

A

LH surge from ganatotropic cells from anterior pituitary

causes granulosa cells to secrete progestogen and estrogen

81
Q

What do progestogen and estrogen do to the follicle just before ovulation?

A

activate proteolytic enzymes that break down stratum granulosa and tunica albuginea

82
Q

What is ovulated with the oocyte?

A

coronada radiata, follicular fluid from antrum, some cells of cumulus oopherus

83
Q

At what stage is the oocyte when it is ovulated?

A

secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase of meiosis II

84
Q

When is the secondary oocyte formed?

A

After meiosis I is complete

85
Q

What kind of oocyte is in a graafian/mature follicle?

A

starts with primary oocyte

just before it ovulates it is a secondary oocyte

86
Q

What happens to the granulosa cells and theca cells left behind after ovulation?

A

forms corpus hemeragicum (has a large blood clot)

87
Q

What is the corpus hemeragicum?

A

large blood clot with the granulosa cells and theca cells that are left behind after ovulation

88
Q

What does the corpus hemeragicum become?

A

after leutinization, granulosa cells and theca interna cells re-organize to form corpus luteum

89
Q

What is corpus luteum?

A

the granulosa cells and theca interna cells of the corpus hemeragicum become leutinized to form corpus luteum

90
Q

What are the 2 cells of the corpus luteum?

A
  1. granulosa lutein cells

2. theca lutein cells

91
Q

What happens to granulosa lutein cells?

A

undergo hypertrophy (get bigger)

92
Q

What are granulosa lutein cells derived from?

A

granulosa cells

93
Q

What do granulosa lutein cells produce?

A

progesterone

94
Q

What happens to theca lutein cells?

A

increase slightly in size

95
Q

What are theca lutein cells derived from?

A

theca interna

96
Q

What is the difference between theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells in their staining and location and size?

A

granulosa lutein cells are centrally located

theca lutein cells are peripherally located

theca lutein cells stain darker than granulosa lutein cells

theca lutein cells are much smaller than granulosa lutein cells

97
Q

What do theca lutein cells produce?

A

estrogens

98
Q

What do theca lutein cells produce and what do granulosa lutein cells produce?

A

theca lutein cells produce ESTROGEN

granulosa lutein cells produce PROGESTERONE

99
Q

What happens to corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A

begins to degenerate after 10-12 days; becomes nonfunctional in 14 days

corpus luteum of menstruation is 14 days.

100
Q

What is the degenerated corpus luteum replaced by?

A

corpus albicans which is scar tissue.

sinks deeper into the cortex and disappears after several months

101
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

the scar tissue that replaces degneerated corpus luteum if feritlization does not occur

sinks deeper into cortex and disappears after several months

102
Q

What happens to corpus luteum if fertilization does occur?

A

it remains and forms the corpus luteum of pregnancy (increases in size)

after pregnancy ends degenerates into corpus albicans

103
Q

What is the corpus albicans composed of?

A

primarily collagen

104
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of uterine tubes?

A

paired muscular tubes, 12 cm lenght

105
Q

What takes place in the uterine tubes?

A

feritlization

106
Q

What are the wall modification of uterine tube?

A

folded mucosa with simple columnar epithelium

thick muscularis (interwoven layers of smooth muscle)

and serosa

107
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the uterine tube?

A

simple columnar epithlium on folded mucosa

108
Q

Describe the muscularis layer of the uterine tube

A

interwoven layers of smooth muscle

109
Q

Are the uterine tubes covered by serosa or adventitia?

A

serosa.

110
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the uterine tubes?

A
  1. ciliated cells

2. secretory cells (pegs cells)

111
Q

What do the ciliated cells of the uterine tubes do?

A

move the oocyte towards the uterus

112
Q

What do peg cells of the uterine cells do?

A

apical end bulges into lumen

produce nutritive fluid covering epithelium

aka secretory cells of uterine tubes

113
Q

Describe the staining of ciliated cells vs peg cells in uterine tube

A

peg cells aka secretory cells are darker staining than ciliated cells

114
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Perimetrium (outermost)
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium (Inner)
115
Q

Describe perimetrium. Is it adventitia or serosa?

A

Outermost layer of uterus

serosa on upper part; adventitia on lower part

116
Q

Describe the myometrium

A

middle (THICKEST) layer of uterus

bundles of smooth muscle (4 poorly defined layers) separated by connective tissue containing many blood vessels

117
Q

Describe the endometrium.

What kind of epithelium? What kind of cells?

A

Innermost layer.

simple columnar epithelium with both ciliated and secretory cells.

has underlying lamina propria that contains uterine glands.

118
Q

What are the two parts of the endometrium?

A
  1. basal layer (stratum basale) - deepest layer

2. functional layer (stratum functionale) - superficial layer

119
Q

What influences thickness change in functional layer of endometrium?

A

ovarian hormones

120
Q

What do ovarian hormones do to the functional layer of the endometrium?

A

induce thickness change by shifting ovarian hormones

121
Q

What is sloughed away as monthly menstrual flow?

A

Functional layer (stratum functionale) of the endometrium

122
Q

What is the cervix?

A

narrow end of the uterus

123
Q

Why is the endometrium different at the cervix compared to rest of uterus?

A

Endometrium is not sloughed off during menstruation in the cervix

contains large cervical galnds (branched mucous glands)

lacks spiral arteries

124
Q

What are cervical glands?

A

Large branched mucous glands in endometrium of cervix

increase in mucous production 10fold at mid-cycle to aid in sperm migration

125
Q

What is the transformation zone of cervix?

A

squamocolumnar junction

from mucous-secreting simple columnar epithelium of cervical canal (and uterus) to non-keritinized stratified squamous epithelium of ectocervix

126
Q

What is the ectocervix?

what type of epithelium?

A

vaginal part of cervix

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

127
Q

What part of the uterus is a common site of metaplastic change?

A

cervix

128
Q

What are metaplastic changes in the cervix usually due to?

A

persistent injury due to infection

are often pre-cancerous and seen as metaplastic stratified squamous epithelium

129
Q

What are the wall modifications of the vaginal canal?

A

nonkeritnized stratified squamous epithelium of mucosa

muscular layer contains 2 indistinct inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

covered by adventitia because retroperitoneal

130
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

modified tubuloalveolar apocrine sweat glands

131
Q

What do mammary glands produce/secrete? how is it secreted?

A

milk

released via merocrine and apocrine mechanism

132
Q

Explain the difference between merocrine mechanism and apocrine mechanism of mammary glands?

A

Merocrine “mer-exo-crine” = protein component of milk released via exocytosis

apocrine “apinchocrine” = fatty or lipid component of milk to be released by apical portion of cell pinching off

133
Q

Why is it debatable if apocrine mechanism takes place in mammary glands?

A

because the secretion is free or contains very little cytoplasm

true apocrine mechanism contains lots of cytoplasm in pinched off portion

134
Q

What 4 things cause the development of pregnancy mammary gland function?

A

estrogens and progesterones secreted from corpus luteum and then by placenta

prolactin from pituitary gland

gonatocorticoids from adrenal cortex

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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