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IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 > Histology: Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Histology: Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the reproductive system?

A

to perpetuate the species

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2
Q

What is the main role for males in reproductive system?

A

to produce sperm and deliver to females

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3
Q

What is the male gamete?

A

sperm

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4
Q

What is the essential organ of the reproductive system?

A

gonads

males: testes
females: ovaries

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5
Q

What do gonads do?

A

produce germ cells (gametes) that have only half the number of normal chromosomes as other body cells

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6
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have vs. other body cells?

A

gametes are haploid (1n) = 23 chrom.

normal body cells = diploid (2n) 46 chromosomes

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7
Q

What are the four components of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Testes
  2. Passageways
  3. Accessory Glands
  4. Penis
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8
Q

What do the testes do?

Four components of male reproductive system:

  1. Testes
  2. Passageways
  3. Accessory Glands
  4. Penis
A

produce germ cells (gametes = sperm in males)

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9
Q

What are the 6 passageways?

Four components of male reproductive system:

  1. Testes
  2. Passageways
  3. Accessory Glands
  4. Penis
A
  1. Straight tubules
  2. Rete testis
  3. Efferent ductules
  4. Ductus epididymis
  5. Ductus deferens (aka vas deferens)
  6. Ejaculatory duct
    6 urethra
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10
Q

What are the 3 glands?

Four components of male reproductive system:

  1. Testes
  2. Passageways
  3. Accessory Glands
  4. Penis
A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate glands
  3. bulbourethral glands
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11
Q

What is the penis?

Four components of male reproductive system:

  1. Testes
  2. Passageways
  3. Accessory Glands
  4. Penis
A

male copulatory organ

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12
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

the testis

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13
Q

Do the testis have endocrine or exocrine function?

A

Both

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14
Q

What is the endocrine function of the testis?

A

(reminder: testis have both endocrine and exocrine fxn)

endocrine = produce androgens, primarily testosterone through process called steroidogenesis

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15
Q

What is steroidogenesis?

A

process through which testis produce androgens (*mostly testosterone) = endocrine function

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16
Q

What androgen do testis produce?

A

testosterone

this is the endocrine function of testis through process of steroidogenesis

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17
Q

What is the exocrine function of testes?

A

spermatogenesis

sperm production

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18
Q

What are spermatozoa?

A

Sperm

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19
Q

What are the three steps to spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatogonial phase
  2. Spermatocyte phase
  3. Spermatid phase
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20
Q

What is the spermatogonial phase of spermatogenesis?

A

first phase of spermatogenesis

speramatogonia undergo mitosis; spermatogonia turn into spermatocytes

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21
Q

What is the spermatocyrte phase of spermatognesis?

A

second phase of spermatogenesis

spermatocytes undergo meiosis (I and II); spermatocytes turn into spermatids

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22
Q

What is the spermatid phase of spermatogenesis?

A

third phase of spermatogenesis

maturation process
where spermatids turn into spermatozoa

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23
Q

What is the spermiogenesis phase of spermatogenesis?

A

third phase of spermatogenesis

this is another name for spermatid phase of spermatogenesis (turns spermatids into spermatazoa via maturation process)

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24
Q

Which phase of spermatogenesis turns spermatogonia –> spermatocytes?

A

spermatogonial phase (first phase)

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25
Q

Which phase of spermatogenesis turns spermatocytes –> spermatids?

A

Spermatocyte phase (second stage)

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26
Q

Which phase of spermatogenesis turns spermatids –> spermatozoa?

A

Spermatid phase aka spermiogenesis phase (third phase)

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27
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take? What is the quantity of the end result per day?

A

74 days

300million sperm cells produced each day

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28
Q

What does the maturation process of the spermatid phase include in spermatogenesis?

A
  1. formation of acrosome
  2. flattening of nucleus
  3. re-rocanization of mitochondria
  4. condesnation and elongation of body
  5. development of flaggelum
  6. loss of most of cytoplasm
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29
Q

What is spermatocytogenesis?

A

Spermatogonial phase and spermatocyte phase together (first two phases together)

aka spermatogonia –> spermatid

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30
Q

Where are the male gonads located?

A

male gonads = testes

located in the scrotum

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31
Q

Why are the male gonads located in the scrotum?

A

male gonads = testes

scrotum = outside abdominopelvic cavity so temperature is 3degrees lower than body temperature

lower temperature is required for spermatogenesis

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32
Q

Where two male gonads develop and what happens to male reproductive system if they do not end in the correct definitive position?

A

Male gonads = testes develop in retroperitoneal position in abdominal wall

descend to scrotum = definitive position

if do not descend = cannot produce functional sperm due to higher temp in abdominopelvic cavity

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33
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis? Where is it found? Where is it from?

A

serous membrane derived from peritoneum and obtained on testes during testes descent

has visceral and parietal layer - found on anterior and lateral sides of each testes

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34
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

dense connective tissue capsule surrounding each testis

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35
Q

What is the mediastinum testis? Where is it?

A

thickened portion of the tunica albuginea on posterior side of testis

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36
Q

What occurs at the mediastinum testes? What is housed there?

A

rete testes is housed there

this is where blood vessels, lymph vessels, and ducts enter and exit testes

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37
Q

What are testicular lobules?

A

pyramidal compartments created by fibrous incomplete septums coming off of tunica albuginea

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38
Q

How many testicular lobules are in each testes?

A

250 in each testes

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39
Q

What is within each testicular lobule?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules and loose connective tissue (rich in blood vessels, lymph vessels and leydig cells)

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40
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

convoluted tubules where spermatozoa are produced

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41
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are in each testicular lobule? How many seminiferous tubule are in each testes?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubule in each testicular lobule

240-1000 in each testes

bc 1-4 per lobule, 250 lobules per testes = 240-1000 SF in each testes

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42
Q

How large are seminiferous tubules? diameter and length

A

150-250um diameter

50cm in length

43
Q

What are straight tubules? Aka ____

A

aka tubuli recti

Each seminiferous tubule leads into a straight tubule

44
Q

What are rete testis?

A

epithelial lining of anastomosing channels found in mediastinum testes

45
Q

What are efferent ductules?

A

Connect rete testis to head of epididymis

46
Q

What cells line seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenic cells (different cell types depending which phase of spermatogenesis it is in)

47
Q

What epithelium lines seminiferous tubules?

A

complex stratified epithelium

composed of two cell populations

48
Q

What are the two cell populations found in seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. Sertoli cells

2. Spermatogenic cells

49
Q

Sertoli cells aka ____

A

sustentacular cells

50
Q

What are sertoli cells? Where?

A

supporting cells in the seminiferous tubules

51
Q

What shape are sertoli cells outline and nucleus?

A

columnar or pyramidal shaped cells in seminiferous tubules

nucleus is elongated & triangular

prominent nucleolus (helps in identification)

52
Q

What is the role of sertoli cells?

A

Sertoli cells create a blood-testis barrier (physical barrier preventing autoimmune attacks of spermatogenic cells)

they help support, protect and provide nutrition to the developing spermatogenic cells
^AKA SUPPORTING CELLS

53
Q

Where within the seminiferous tubules are the sertoli cells?

A

Sertoli cells extend from basal lamina from outside of duct to the center of the duct

They extend the full thickness of seminiferous epithelium

54
Q

What is the outline of sertoli cells?

A

indifferent outline with extensive apical and lateral processes because they largely envelop the spermatogenic cells with which they have cell junctions

55
Q

Do sertoli cells have endocrine or exocrine function?

A

both.

Endocrine = hormones
Exocrine = produce fluid for seminiferous tubules
56
Q

What to sertoli cells do to excess cytoplasm?

A

phagocytosize excess cytoplasm

57
Q

What amount of layering in the seminiferous tubules is made up of spermatogenic cells?

A

4-8 concentric layers of cells

58
Q

What are the 4 types of spermatogenic cells found in the seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. Spermatogonia
  2. Primary Spermatocytes
  3. Secondary spermatocytes
  4. Spermatids
59
Q

What are the physical properties of spermatogonia cells within the seminiferous tubules?

A

lie on basal lamina

small, rounded nucleus

~12um in diameter

don’t need to identify 3 different types of these in histological slides but know there are 3 types: type a dark, type a pale, type b

60
Q

What are the 3 types of spermatogonia cells in seminiferous tubules?

Do we need to differentiate these three on histological slides?

A
  1. Type A dark / Ad spermatogonia
  2. Type a pale / Ap spermatogonia
  3. Type b spermatogonia

Do not need to differentiate on histological slides

61
Q

Describe type a dark cells.

A

Type a dark / Ad spermatogonia

have ovoid nucleus that stain intensely basophilic (ie dark)

stem cells which give rise to two Ad spermatogonia or two Ap spermatogonia through mitosis
(can lead to self-renewal)

62
Q

Describe type a pale cells.

A

Type a pale / Ap spermatogonia

ovoid nucleus with lightly staining/finely granular chromatin

connect to each other through cytoplasmic thin bridges (intercellular bridges) through all mitotic/meiotic divisions until spermatids through incomplete cytokinesis

allows for synchronis development

type a pale developes into type b spermatogonia (committed to go thru differentiation)

63
Q

Describe type b spermatogonia

A

spherical nuclei with chromatin that is condensed into large clumps in a central nucleolus

64
Q

What do primary spermatocytes develop from?

A

type b spermatogonia

because type b go through final mitotic division and their daughter cells grow in size to produce primary spermatocytes

65
Q

What divisions occur with primary spermatocytes?

A

replicate DNA and enter meiosis I

46 chromosomes (2n) with 2 copies of each chromatid

66
Q

What is the largest spermatogenic cell?

A

primary spermatocytes

67
Q

Which stage of meiosis do primary spermatocytes arrest in?

A

primary spermatocytes arrest in prophase of meiosis I - this is most likely see in seminiferous cross sections

68
Q

What happens with primary spermatocytes finish meiosis I?

A

eventually, meiosis I is completed and homologous chromosomes separate

Now: smaller haploid cells with 2 chromatids (secondary spermatocytes)

69
Q

What division occurs in secondary spermatocytes?

A

meiosis II where chromatids separate

occurs quickly

short lived so you often don’t see them in seminiferous cross section

70
Q

When are spermatids formed?

A

when meiosis II is completed in secondary spermatocytes

71
Q

How many chromosomes do spermatids have?

A

23 chromosomes. haploid

72
Q

What are the two types of spermatids? What is the difference?

A

types: early and late
early: more rounded, approx. 7-8um diameter with highly condensed chromatin
late: apparent head with acrosomal cap and flaggelum

73
Q

What do you see in a cross section of a human seminiferous tubule vs a rodents ST?

A

rodents cross section will all be at the same stage of seminiferous tubule process

in humans stages are irregular. one cross section may show two/three different stages
- the arrangement of spermatogenic stages is patch-like and random

74
Q

Trace the path of spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules outward.

A

Seminiferous tubules -> straight tubules (tubuli recti) -> rete testis -> efferent ductules

75
Q

What are the two intratesticular ducts?

A
  1. straight tubules (tubuli recti)

2. rete testis

76
Q

What are straight tubules? What are they lined with?

A

intratesticular ducts

aka tubuli recti

short straight tubules lined with only sertoli cells

at very end they switch to cuboidal epithelium with underlying dense connective tissue

77
Q

What are rete testis? What are they lined with?

A

intratesticular ducts

interconnected network of channels lined with cuboidal epithelium or columnar epithelium (or even simple squamous) with underlying dense CT

epithelial cells have single apical cilium and a few short apical microvilli

78
Q

Each rete testis leads to _____

A

about 20 efferent ductules

79
Q

What are efferent ductules?

A

Leave the testes and enter head of epididymis

They carry sperm to the duct of the epididymis

80
Q

What are efferent ductules lined with?

A

psuedostratified columnar epithelium with groups of non-ciliated cuboidal cells with microvilli alternating with groups of taller ciliated cells

some circularly oriented smooth muscle cells can be found around these ducts

81
Q

Ductus epididymis what is it lined with?

A

*highly coiled

lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium composed of rounded basal cells and columnar cells with stereocilia (known as principal cells)

surrounded by smooth muscles

82
Q

How long is the ductus epididymis?

A

4-5 meters

83
Q

What occurs in the ductus epididymis?

A

storage and completion of maturation process

84
Q

From ductus epididymis the sperm enter ____ through what motion?

A

from ductus epididymis sperm enter ductus deferens through peristaltic motion during ejaculation

85
Q

Ductus deferens aka ___

A

vas deferens

86
Q

What is ductus deferens lined with?

A

lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium with sparse stereocilia

muscularis has 3l ayers of smooth muscle

mucosa lies in longitudinal folds; narrow lumen and thick, muscular wall

long, straight tube which is part of spermatic cord

87
Q

What are the two portions of the ductus deferens? What is the difference between them?

A

portions: ampulla and ejaculatory duct
ampulla: dilated area where epithelium is thicker and more folded

ejaculatory duct: portion in prostate gland; after the seminal vesicles join, no muscular layer

88
Q

From ejaculatory duct, the sperm enter ____

A

the urethra

89
Q

What are the three portions of the male urethra?

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membraneous urethra
  3. spongy urethra/penile urethra
90
Q

What is the difference in lining between the three portions of the male urethra?

A
  1. prostatic urethra = transitional epithelium
  2. membraneous urethra = stratified columnar epithelium or psuedostratified columnar epithelium
  3. spongy/penile urethra = psudostratified columnar with exception of distal end which is lined with stratified squamous and continuous with skin of penis
91
Q

What are the male accessory glands in reproductive system? What do they do?

A

They produce seminal fluid, medium in which sperm leave the male body (contribute to semen)

  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland
  3. bulbourethral gland
92
Q

Describe the seminal vesicles.

How many? Lining? What does it join with?

A

Two seminal vesicles (accessory glands)

highly tortuous tubular glands lined with simple columnar epithelium/psudostratified columnar epithelium rich in secretory granules

smooth muscle in inner circular and outer longitudinal arrangement

thin folds seen in lumen to increase secretory surface area

joins with ampulla of ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct

93
Q

What is responsible for most of the seminal fluid production?

A

seminal vesicle produce 60% of the seminal fluid

94
Q

Which gland lies on the posterior wall of the urinary bladder?

A

seminal vesicles (2)

lie on posterior wall of urinary bladder close to terminus of ductus deferens

95
Q

Which gland includes nourishing substances for sperm to promote feritlization?

A

seminal vesicles (2)

96
Q

Describe the prostate gland.

where? what is within?

A

collection of 30-50 tubuloalveolar glands embedded in dense fibromuscular stroma

covered by fibroelastic capsule

contains corpora amylacea (aka prostatic concretions) - good for ID

empties in prostatic urethra

97
Q

Which male accessory gland has a corpora amylacea?

A

corpora amylacea aka prostatic concretion

found within the prostate gland

98
Q

Describe the bulbourethral glands

aka ___
lining?
where?

A

compound tubuloalveolar glands

lined with mucous-secreting simple columnar epithelium

located in urogenital diaphragm and empty into the proximal part of the penile urethra

99
Q

What is the main function of the penis?

A

male copulatory organ used to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

100
Q

What are the three cylinders of erectile tissue?

A

paired corpora cavernosa (2)

corpus spongiosum (1)

101
Q

How does an erection occur?

A

when erectile tissue fills with blood

102
Q

Which cylinders or erectile tissue are dorsal/ventral?

A

dorsal paired corpora cavernosa

single ventral corpus spongiosum

103
Q

Which erectile tissue surrounds the spongy urethra?

A

corpus spongiosum

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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