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IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 > Embryo: reproductive system > Flashcards

Embryo: reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

When does reproductive system development begin?

A

Week 4

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2
Q

When do the PGCs arrive at the primitive gonads?

A

Week 5

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3
Q

When do the PGCs invade genital ridges?

A

Week 6

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4
Q

When are PGCs distinguishable male/female?

A

Weke 7

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5
Q

Urogenital system is functionally divided into the ____ & _____?

A

Urinary System

Reproductive System

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6
Q

What is the urogenital system developed from?

A

Mesodermal ridge (of intermediate mesoderm)

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7
Q

Intermediate mesoderm swells to form ____

A

Urogenital ridge

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8
Q

Urogenital ridge swells into the ____ cavity forming two ridges. What are those two cavities? Which is medial/lateral?

A

Intracoelomic cavity

Medial ridge = genital ridge
lateral ridge = nephrogenic cord/ridge

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9
Q

What does the genital ridge derive from?

A

the medial ridge of the urogenital ridge

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10
Q

What does the genital ridge give rise to?

A

the reproductive system

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11
Q

What does the nephrogenic cord derive from?

A

the lateral ridge of the genital ridge

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12
Q

What does the nephrogenic cord give rise to?

A

the urinary system

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13
Q

Week 4, PGC migrate from ___ along ___ to arrive at ___

A

migrate from wall of yolk sac

along dorsal mesentery of hindgut

to arrive at the primitive gonads

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14
Q

When do the PGCs arrive at the primitive gonads?

A

week 5

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15
Q

When do the PGCs invade the genital ridge?

A

week 6

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16
Q

What happens if the PGCs fail to reach the genital ridges? Why is this?

A

Then the gonads do not develop.

This is because the PGCs have an inductive influence on gonadal development

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17
Q

When is the sex of am embryo genetically determined?

A

At time of fertilization

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18
Q

When do the gonads of am embryo acquire morphological characteristics?

A

Week 7

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19
Q

What are the genital ridges formed by?

A

proliferation of epithelium and condensation of underlying mesenchyme

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20
Q

Genital ridges aka ____

A

gonadal ridges

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21
Q

What are genital ridges morphologically?

A

A pair of longitudinal ridges

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22
Q

What are primitive sex cords formed from?

A

epithelial cells of genital ridge penetrate underlying mesenchyme to form primitive sex cords

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23
Q

What are primitive sex cords morphologically?

A

irregularly shaped cords

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24
Q

At the primitive sex cord stage, are the gonads differentiated or indifferent?

A

PRIMITIVE SEX CORD STAGE IS INDIFFERENT GONADS

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25
Q

What are the two pairs of genital ducts formed in development?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

Paramesonpehric (Mullerian) duct

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26
Q

The mesonephric ducts open into the ____ one either side of the ___

A

The mesonephric duct opens into the urogenital sinus on either side of the sinus tubercle

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27
Q

Paramesonephric ducts run ____ to mesonephric duct and pass it ___

A

paramesonephric duct runs lateral to mesoneophric duct and passes over it ventrally

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28
Q

What happens to the paramesonephric ducts at the midline?

A

They come in close proximity to the contralateral paramesonephric duct

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29
Q

What forms the sinus tubercle?

A

The caudal tip of the combined paramesphric ducts project into the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus causing sinus tubercle

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30
Q

What does the Y chromosome house?

A

the SRY Gene

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31
Q

What does the SRY gene do?

A

encodes for TDF (testes determining factor) which leads to testes development

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32
Q

What happens to primitive sex cords under influence of SRY gene?

A

primitive sex cords continue to proliferate and penetrate deep into medulla to form testes (medullary) cords

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33
Q

How are the testes (medullary) cords formed?

A

primitive sex cords proliferate and penetrate due to influence of SRY gene forming testes cords

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34
Q

What happens to the testic cord near the hilum of the testis?

A

Testic cord breaks up into network of tiny cell strands and gives rise to tubules of RETE TESTIS

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35
Q

What are the rete testes?

A

At the hlium of the testis, the testis cord breaks up into tiny cells = RETE TESTIS

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36
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that separates the testis cords from surface epithelium

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37
Q

What does the tunica albuginea separate?

A

the testis cords from surface epithelium

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38
Q

@ month 4, testis cords become ___ shaped and continuous with ____.

A

Horseshoe shaped and continuous with rete testis

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39
Q

When do the testis become horseshoe shaped and continuous with rete testis?

A

month 4

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40
Q

What is the horseshoe testis cord composed of?

A

PGCs and Sertoli Cells (sustentacular cells)

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41
Q

What are sertoli cells and where are they? Sertoli cells aka ____

A

Sertoli cells aka sustentacular cells

They are supporting cells derived from testis surface epithelium

They are in the horeshoe shaped testis cord

42
Q

Leydig cells aka ____

A

interstitial cells

43
Q

Where are leydig cells derived from?

A

Leydig cells are derived from the mesenchyme of gonadal ridge

44
Q

Where do leydig cells lie?

A

between the testis cords (INTERESTITIAL cells)

45
Q

What do the leydig cells produce? when do they produce it?

A

Week 8: produce testosterone

testis able to influence sexual differentiation of genital ducts and external genitalia

46
Q

Are the testis cords solid or hollow?

A

Testis cords are solid until puberty

47
Q

What happens to testis cords during puberty? What is formed?

A

Testis cords acquire a lumen and form seminiferous tubules

48
Q

Seminiferous tubules join the rete testis which enter ____

A

ductili efferentes (efferent ductules)

49
Q

What do the ductuli efferentes (efferent ductules) do?

A

They link the rete testes and mesonephric (wolffian duct)

50
Q

What does the mesonephric (wolffian) duct give rise to in males?

A

main genital ducts

  • efferent ductules
  • epididymas
  • vas deferens (ductus deferens)
  • seminal vesicle
  • ejaculatory duct
51
Q

What do sertoli cells produce?

A

Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) / Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)

causing paramesonephric ducts to degenerate

52
Q

Where do the paramesonephric ducts remain present in males?

A

paramesonephric ducts degenerate everywhere in males except small cranial portion for the APPENDIX TESTIS

53
Q

Do testes develop retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

54
Q

Trace the path of testes descent

A

Develop in abdominal region

move caudally and pass through abdominal wall through inguinal canal to reach scrotum

55
Q

What is the gubernaculum in male reproductive development?

A

condensation of mesenchyme extending from the caudal pole of testis

anchors testis to floor of scrotum and assists in it’s descent into scrotum

56
Q

When does the testes descent begin? When do the testes pass through the inguinal canal?

A

Month 3 testes descent begins

Month 7 testes pass through inguinal canal (with help from gubernaculum)

57
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

an evagination of peritoneum from abdominal cavity that follows the course of the gubernaculum into the scrotal swellings

58
Q

What are the 4 layers that cover testes through it’s descent and where they derive from?

A
  1. VISCERAL/PARIETAL TUNICA VAGINALIS from processus vaginalis
  2. INTERNAL SPERMATIC FASCIA from transversalis fascia
  3. CREMASTERIC FASCIA AND MUSCLE from internal abdominal oblique muscle
  4. EXTERNAL FASCIA from external oblique muscle
59
Q

Which abdominal muscle does not contribute to the testes coverings while descending?

A

Transversus abdominis muscle

60
Q

What happens to primitive sex cells in ovary development?

A

They dissociate into irregular cell clusters that contain groups of PGCs which occupy medullary part of ovary

61
Q

What happens to surface epithelium in female development?

A

Surface epithelium continues to proliferate until week 7 when it gives rise to a second generation of cords - CORTICAL CORDS

62
Q

What are cortical cords?

A

Female surface epithelium proliferates to give rise to these.

63
Q

What do cortical cords penetrate?

A

underlying mesenchume, they remain close to the surface

64
Q

How do cortical cords surround each oogonium? When?

A

Month 3, cords split into isolated cell clusters which proliferate and surround each oognoium with an epithelial layer
FORMING A FOLLICULAR CELL

65
Q

what is a follicular cell?

A

an epithelial layer of cell clusters from cortical cords surrounding an oogonium

66
Q

What forms a primordial follicle?

A

follicular cells + oogonium = primordial follicle

67
Q

What influence does the presence of estrogen (and absence of testosterone) have on the genital ducts?

A
  • paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts develop into female genital ducts
  • mesonephric ducts degenerate
68
Q

What are the 3 initial portions recognizable in the paramesonephric duct in female development?

A
  1. Cranial vertical portion: opens to abdominal cavity
  2. Horizontal part: crosses mesonephric duct ventrally
  3. Caudal vertical part: fuses with counterpart on opposite side
69
Q

What does the paramesonephric duct give rise to?

A

Uterine tube and uterine canal (corpus of uterus aka corpus uteri, cervix, upper portion of vagina)

70
Q

What are the 3 components of the uterine canal?

A
  1. corpus uterus (corpus uteri)
  2. cervix
  3. upper portion of vagina
71
Q

Fused caudal ends of paramesonephric ducts contact the __ wall of the _____ inducing a thickening.

A

posterior wall of urogenital sinus

72
Q

How is the sinus tubercle formed?

A

fused paramesonephric caudal ends contact posterior wall of urogenital sinus and induce a thickening

73
Q

What are the sinovaginal bulbs grown from?

A

Two solid evaginations grow out from sinus

74
Q

What do the sinovaginal bulbs form?

A

they proliferate and form a solid vaginal plate

75
Q

What is the purpose for proliferation of the vaginal plate CRANIALLY?

A

to increase the distance between the uterus and the urogenital sinus

76
Q

What is the vaginal plate formed from?

A

The proliferation of the sinovaginal bulbs

77
Q

When is the vaginal outgrowth canalized?

A

month 5

78
Q

What are the vaginal fornices? What is their origin?

A

paramesonephric origin

they are wing like expantions at the caudal ends of the uterus

79
Q

What are the two origins of the vagina?

A

Upper portion is derived from the uterine canal

Lower portion is derived from the urogenital sinus

80
Q

What is the purpose of the hymen during development?

A

thin tissue plate that separates the urogenital sinus from the lumen of the vagina

81
Q

Where do ovaries originally develop?

A

In high abdomen. Must descend and settle just below rim of true pelvis.

82
Q

What are the two genital ligaments that help with the descent of ovaries?

A

Cranial genital ligament

caudal genital ligament

83
Q

What does the cranial genital ligament form?

A

suspensory ligament of the ovary (contains ovarian vasculature)

84
Q

What does the caudal genital ligament form?

A

ligament of the ovary proper (aka round ligament of the ovary)

and round ligament of the uterus (which continues through the inguinal canal)

85
Q

What does the caudal genital ligament anchor inferiorly with?

A

the labia majora

86
Q

Walk through the indifferent stage of external genitalia development

A

mesenchymal cells from prim. streak migrate around cloacal membrane to form CLOACAL FOLDS

cranial to cloacal membarne = GENITAL TUBERCLE

caudally, folds subdivided into URETHRA FOLDS (anterior), ANAL FOLDS (posterior)

lateral to urethral folds a pair of elevations become visible on each side= GENITAL SWELLINGS (scrotal swellings and labia majora)

87
Q

What happens to the genital tubercle in male external genitalia development? What is formed?

A

rapid elongation of genital tubercle to form PHALLUS

88
Q

During genital tubercle elongation in males, the phallus pulls __ along with it, forming ____.

A

During genital tubercle elongation, phallus pulls the URETHRAL FOLDS forward forming the walls of the URETHRAL GROOVE

89
Q

How does the urethral groove elongate? It elongates up until what point?

(in males)

A

Urethral groove extends along caudal aspect of elongated phallus up until where the distal part of the phallus is.

90
Q

What part of the phallus does the urethral groove not reach? Why?

(in males)

A

the most distal part

because that is where the glands are

91
Q

What is the urethral plate in terms of male external genitalia development? What does it originate from?

A

urethral plate is the epithelial lining of the urethral groove

originates from endoderm

92
Q

In male external genitalia development, the two urethral folds close over the ___ forming the ____

A

fold over the URETHRAL PLATE to form the PENILE URETHRA

does not extend to tip of phallus

93
Q

When is the most distal portion of the urethra formed?

male external genitalia development

A

month 4

94
Q

How does the distal portion of the urethra fold?

male external genitalia development

A

ectodermal cells from tip of glands penetrate inward

form short epithelial cord

cord later obtains a lumen to become the EXTERNAL URETHRAL MEATUS

95
Q

What do genital swellings become in male external genitalia development?

In which direction to they move while growing? Which region do they arise from?

A

Each genital swelling becomes a scrotal swellings

They move CAUDALLY and arise in the inguinal region

96
Q

What are the two scrotal swellings separated by?

A

scrotal septum

line of fusion of scrotal swellings

97
Q

What hormone stimulates development of external genitalia of females?

A

estrogen(s)

98
Q

How does the genital tubercle elongate in female external genitalia formation? What does it become?

A

Elongates only slightly

forms clitorus

99
Q

What happens to the urethral folds in female external genitalia development? What does it become?

A

They do NOT fuse

they develop into the labia minora

100
Q

What happens to the urogenital groove in female external genitalia formation? What does it become?

A

urogenital groove is OPEN

forms the vestibule of the vagina

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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