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Anatomy Test Two Material > Lower Abdomen > Flashcards

Lower Abdomen Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is the entrance to the stomach from the esophagus?

A

Cardiac oriface

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2
Q

What is the exit from the stomach to the duodenum?

A

The pyloric sphincter

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

A

Enzymatic digestion

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4
Q

Describe the mobility of the duodenum?

A

Fixed and relatively immobile

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5
Q

Describe the mobility of the jejunum and ilium?

A

Tethered but very mobile

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6
Q

What is the combined length of the three parts of the small intestine?

A

20 ft

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7
Q

What are the permanent folds within the small intestine called?

A

Plicae circularis

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8
Q

Describe the concentration of the plicae circularis in the proximal and distal portions of the small intestine?

A

Become fewer or more diffuse as we move distally

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9
Q

What is the ileocecal junction?

A

Where the ilium empties into the cecum

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10
Q

What allows the small intestine to be more compact and fit into the abdomen?

A

Tonic contraction

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11
Q

What part of the duodenum is intra versus retraperitoneal?

A

The duodenal cap is retroperitoneal and the rest of the duodenum is intraperitoneal

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12
Q

What vertebral level is the superior part of the duodenum?

A

L1

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13
Q

What vertebral level is the descending part of the duodenum?

A

L2-L3

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14
Q

What vertebral level is the inferior part of the duodenum?

A

L3

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15
Q

What vertebral level is the ascending part of the duodenum?

A

L3-L2

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16
Q

As we move proximal to distal in the jejunum and ilium what happens to the vasa recta?

A

They decrease in length

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17
Q

As we move proximal to distal in the jejunum and ilium what happens to the plica circularis?

A

They decrease in number

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18
Q

As we move proximal to distal in the jejunum and ilium what happens to the arterial arcades?

A

They increase in length and number

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19
Q

As we move proximal to distal in the jejunum and ilium what happens to fat accumulation?

A

It increases

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20
Q

As we move proximal to distal in the jejunum and ilium what happens regarding lymphatics?

A

They increase

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21
Q

If the jejunum and ilium section of the small intestine were divided into fifths, how long is each component?

A

Jejunum is proximal 2/5 and ilium is distal 3/5

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22
Q

Using the quadrant abdominal division, where are the jejunum and ilium located?

A

Jejunum is upper left and ilium is lower right

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23
Q

What is Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum?

A

Remnant of the embryonic yolk sac

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24
Q

Where would Meckel’s diverticulum be found?

A

1 m proximal to ilieocecal valve

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25
How many parts are there in the large intestine?
5 segments and 2 flexures
26
What are the 5 segments of the large intestine?
Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
27
What are the two flexures of the large intestine called?
Right colic (hepatic), and left colic (splenic) flexures
28
How is the left colic flexure attached?
This part of the large intestine is attached to the diaphragm via splenocolic flexure
29
What are the right and left paracolic gutters?
These are depressions that are lateral to the ascending and descending segments of the large intestine, through which materials pass from one region of the peritoneal cavity to another
30
What are the teniae coli?
These are 3 smooth muscle bands paralleling the length of the colon
31
What are the haustra coli?
These are outpouchings that are created by the teniae coli
32
What are the epiploic appendages?
These are fat tags found along the colon (blobs of fat)
33
The left branch of the middle colic artery anastomoses with what artery?
Inferior mesenteric artery
34
How many arteries does the SMA send to the small intestine?
15 - 18
35
How distal of the intestine does the SMA supply?
Up to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
36
Where is the IMA located on the aorta?
5 cm superior to the aortic bifurcation
37
What part of the intestine does the IMA supply?
Starts at the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon and supplies to rectum
38
What are the three main branches of the IMA?
Left colic, sigmoid (4), and superior rectal
39
Where do the middle colic and left colic arteries anastomose?
At the marginal arteries
40
Why do anastomoses exist between colic branches?
For collateral circulation, this forms consistent vascular arc around the colon
41
The renal arteries are branches of what artery?
Lateral branches of abdominal aorta, lateral to SMA
42
The renal arteries send branches off to what two other structures?
Adrenal glands and ureters
43
What artery do the ovarian and the testicular arteries come from?
The gonadal artery which is a lateral branch of the aorta (inferior to the renal artery
44
Explain the path ovarian arteries must cross to supply the ovaries.
They will cross over the ureters and the iliac vessels, and descend into pelvis to supply the ovaries
45
Explain the path testicular arteries must cross to supply the testes.
Cross over ureters and enters inguinal canal, then descends into scrotum to supply the testes
46
The gonadal arteries will descend along what muscle?
The psoas muscle
47
Where does the inferior vena cava start?
Begins at the L5 level at the union of common iliac veins
48
What areas of the body does the IVC drain?
LL, most of the back, abdominal wall, and abdominal pelvic viscera, and nutrient rich blood from the portal venous system.
49
Where is the portal vein started?
By the union of the splenic and the superior mesenteric veins
50
The portal vein has venous return from what viscera?
Spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, abdominal gastrointestinal tract
51
What are the 4 portal-caval anastomoses?
Gastric vv. and esophageal vv., paraumbilical vv. and epigastric vv., superior rectal vv. and middle/inferior rectal vv., colic vv. and retroperitoneal vv.
52
Of the gastric and esophageal vv, which is portal and which is caval?
Gastric vv. is portal | esophageal vv. is caval
53
Of the paraumbilical and epigastric vv. which is portal and which is caval?
paraumbilical vv. is portal | epigastric vv. is caval
54
Of the superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal vv. which is portal and which is caval?
Superior rectal vv. is portal | middle/inferior rectal vv. is caval
55
Of the colic vv. and retroperitoneal vv. which is portal and which is caval?
Colic vv. is portal | retroperitoneal vv. is caval
56
The portal venous system is missing what structure that other venous systems have?
Valves, the portal system relies solely on pressure
57
Dilated esophageal vv. produce what?
esophageal varices
58
Dilated epigastric vv. produce what?
caput medusae
59
Dilated inferior/middle rectal vv. produces what?
hemorrhoids
60
The sympathetic nervous system has what other name?
Thoracolumbar (T1-L2)
61
Where are the parasympathetic nerves located?
Cranial and S2-S4
62
Innervation to the viscera of the abdomen is via what?
Autonomic n. plexus
63
What vertebral levels innervates the entire abdomen?
T5 - L2
64
What is cranial nerve ten?
Vagus nerve
65
Preganglionic splanchnic nn synapse where?
In collateral ganglia
66
Postganglionic fibers leave collateral ganglia to reach what?
Effector organs
67
Post synaptic fibers travel on all what?
Main arterial branches
68
T10 - T11 are sympathetic chain nerve exceptions, where do they synapse?
At SMA collateral ganglion
69
T12 is a sympathetic chain nerve exception, where does this nerve synapse?
Renal or para-aortic
70
Preganglionic nerves from CN X travel on what?
Upper arterial branches (celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa., and all their branches)
71
Preganglionic nerves from S2-S4 travel on what?
Lower arterial branches (IMA and branches)
72
Where are the cell bodies in the parasympathetic nerves of the abdomen?
In the walls of the organs that they innvervate
73
What are the four major autonomic ganglia and their associated plexus?
Celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion
74
Postganglionic and what term are interchangeable?
Postsynaptic

Anatomy Test Two Material (16 decks)

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