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Anatomy > Lower Abdomen > Flashcards

Lower Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is the opening and exit of the stomach?

A
  • cardiac orifice; entrance from esophagus

- pyloric sphincter; exit to duodenum

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2
Q

What are the temporary folds within the body of the stomach?

A

Rugae

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach?

A
  • mixing of the mass of food (bolus)
  • beginning of enzymatic digestion
  • chyme production
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4
Q

Where does the small intestine begin?

A

pyloric orifice

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5
Q

The first section of the small intestine, is retroperitoneal, and relatively immobile

A

duodenum

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6
Q

The portions of the small intestine that are tethered to mesentery, but very mobile w/ combine length of 3 segments (20ft)

A

jejunum & ileum

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7
Q

The _____ _____ are permanent folds within intestine, become more diffuse distally bc absorption of nutrients, so more prominent in jejunum

A

plicae circularis

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8
Q

The ileum emptions into the cecum at the ________ junction

A

ileocecal

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9
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum and levels of vertebrae they are found?

A
  1. Superior part (L1)
  2. Descending part (L1+L2)
  3. Inferior part (L3)
  4. Ascending part (L3 + L2)
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10
Q

The diameter of the intestine _______ distally bc of absorption through the tract

A

decreases

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11
Q

The ______ ____ is long and the ____ ____ is short in jejunum

A
  • vasa recta

- arterial arcades (close to SMA)

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12
Q

The ___ ___ is long and the ___ ___ is short in the ileum

A
  • arterial arcades

- vasa recta

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13
Q

_____ _____ is a remnant of embryonic yolk sac that appears as a finger like pouch 1m proximal to ileocecal valve

A

Meckel’s (ideal) diverticulum

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14
Q

What is the clinical significance of Meckel’s(ileal? diverticulum?

A

-may become inflamed and mimic appendicitis when digestive material is compacted and may develop own vasculature and drainage

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15
Q

The _____ ____ “frames” small intestines and is divided into 5 segments and 2 flexures

A

Large Intestine (colon)

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16
Q

What are the segments of the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum (right after ileosecal junction)
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Sigmoid colon
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17
Q

What are the 2 flexures of the large intestine?

A
  1. Right Colic flexure (hepatic)

2. Left colic flexure (splenic)

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18
Q

The ____ ____ is the point of parasympathetic exchange btw vagus and sacral?

A

L Colic Flexure

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19
Q

The large intestine terminates into the ____

A

rectum

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20
Q

The _____ ______ opens into cecum inferior to ileocecal orifice; commonly retroperitoneal

A

veriform appendix

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21
Q

What type of mesentery covers the appendix and holds it in place?

A

Triangular mesentery = mesoappendix

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22
Q

_____ is inflammation of the appendix and ______ is removal of the appendix

A
  • appendicitis

- appendectomy

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23
Q

Where does appendicitis cause vague pain in beginning stages?

A
  • periumbilical region from afferent pain referred to T10 level
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24
Q

Where does appendicitis cause severe pain in later stages?

A
  • Right lower quadrant
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25
Q

______ causes the severe pain in the right lower quadrant during appendicitis?

A
  • (peritinitis)- irritation of peritoneum of posterior abdominal wall
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26
Q

Pain is most severe during appendicitis over _____ _____ btw the _____ and ____

A
  • spinoumbilical point
  • ASIS
  • umbilicus
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27
Q

What are the 3 smooth m. bands paralleling the length of the colon?

A

teniae coli

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28
Q

_____ ____ are outpouchings produced by teniae coli

A

haustra coli

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29
Q

___ _____ are fat tags found along the colon

A

epiploic appendages

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30
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta and what regions of the abdomen do they supply?

A
  • Celiac trunk- (foregut)
  • Superior mesenteric artery (Midgut)
  • Inferior mesenteric artery (Hindgut)
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31
Q

1st major branch of abd. aorta that supplies liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach, pancreas & spleen

A

Celiac trunk

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32
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk?

A
  1. Common hepatic
  2. L. gastric
  3. Splenic aa.
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33
Q

What vertebral level is the celiac trunk found?

A

T12- superior to pyloric stomach

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34
Q

What is the second major branch of the abdominal aorta and 1 cm inferior of celiac?

A

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

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35
Q

The _____ sends 15-18 _______ aa to small intestine and supplies up to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

A
  • SMA

- intestinal

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36
Q

What branches of SMA supply the small intestine up to the proximal 2/3 of transverse colon?

A
  • ileocolic
  • Right colic
  • Middle colic
  • Inferior pancreaticduodenal
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37
Q

What vertebral level is the SMA found?

A

L1

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38
Q

What is the 3rd major branch of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)

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39
Q

The IMA is found 5 cm superior to the ___ ____

A

aortic bifurcation

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40
Q

The IMA supplies colon from _____ ____ of transverse colon to superior rectum

A

distal 1/3

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41
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  • left colic
  • sigmoid (4)
  • superior rectal
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42
Q

What vertebral level is IMA found?

A

L3-L4 inferior to inferior part of duodenum which is found at L3

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43
Q

T/F There are variations of SMA & IMA branching but regions supplied are specific

A

True

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44
Q

Collateral circulation of the lower abdomen is supplied by which anastomoses?

A

colic branches

45
Q

What artery is the consistent vascular arc around the colon?

A

marginal a. of Drummond

46
Q

The gastroduodenal a gives off ______ ______ that anastomoses with _____ ____ from SMA

A
  • superior pancreaticoduodenal aa.

- inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa.

47
Q

The gastroduodenal a is a branch of ____ ____

A

celiac trunk

48
Q

The anastomosis of superior pancreaticoduodenal and inferior pancreaticoduodenal supply ______ of pancreas and duodenum

A

head

49
Q

_______ supplies rest of pancreas with additional branches

A

splenic a.

50
Q

Which paired artery comes off of abdominal aorta as lateral branches to enter the hilum of each kidney to supply it?

A

Renal artery (Left & Right)

51
Q

The renal a. sends off branches to ______ glands and ______

A
  • adrenal

- ureters

52
Q

_____ & aorta send other adrenal branches

A
  • inferior phrenic a.
53
Q

The ______ artery sends lateral branches of abdominal aorta inferior to renal artery

A

gonadal artery (left + right)

  • ovarian (females)
  • testicular (males)
54
Q

The ______ artery crosses over ureters & iliac vessels and descends to pelvis to suppy ________

A
  • ovarian aa.

- ovaries

55
Q

The ______ artery crosses over ureters & enters inguinal canal and descends into ____ to supply _____

A
  • testicular aa.
  • scrotum
  • testes
56
Q

How do you determine gonadal artery btw males and females?

A
  • ovarian- goes into pelvic cavity and testicular aa. goes into scrotum
57
Q

What vertebral region are the testicular or ovarian arteries found?

A

L2

58
Q

What side of the gonadal artery is typically found to be superior to the other?

A

left gonadal artery

59
Q

What is the largest vein in the body that begins at L5 level at the union of common _____ veins?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

- iliac

60
Q

The inferior vena cava returns ______ oxygenated blood from LL, most of the back, abdominal wall & __________ viscera to the ____ ____ of the heart

A
  • poorly
  • abdominopelvic viscera
  • right atrium
61
Q

The blood from the viscera drains via the _____ ______ _____

A

portal venous system

62
Q

At what vertebral level does the aortic bifurcation occur?

A

L4- just superior to IVC

63
Q

Which venous system is filtered in the liver?

A

portal bc nutrient rich unlike caval

64
Q

The _____ vein is formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric vv. (L2)

A

portal

65
Q

The portal vein has venous return from what 4 things?

A
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • gall bladder
  • abdominal gastrointestinal tract
66
Q

What does the portal vein return to the liver then via IVC to the RA of heart?

A

nutrient rich, poorly oxygenated blood

67
Q

How many portal caval anastomoses occur in the lower abdomen?

A

4

68
Q

The portal gastric vv anastomoses with which caval vein?

A

esophageal

69
Q

The caval epigastric vv anastomoses with which portal vein?

A

paraumbilical vv

70
Q

The portal superior rectal vv anastomoses with which caval vein?

A

middle/ inferior rectal vv

71
Q

The caval retroperitoneal vv anastomoses with which portal vein?

A

colic vv

72
Q

What are the 4 portal veins involved in anastomoses with the caval veins?

A
  • gastric
  • paraumbilical
  • superior rectal
  • colic
73
Q

What are the 4 caval veins involved in anastomoses with the portal veins?

A
  • esophageal
  • epigastric
  • middle/inferior rectal
  • retroperitoneal
74
Q

Which portal veins (1-4) anastomose with caval veins (5-8)

  1. Paraumbilical
  2. Gastric
  3. Superior rectal
  4. Colic
  5. Epigastric
  6. Retroperitoneal
  7. Esophageal
  8. Middle/ Inferior rectal
A

1-5
2-7
3-8
4-6

75
Q

T/F The portal system has valves

A

false, no valves

76
Q

What is another word for caval?

A

systemic

77
Q

Reversal of blood flow from the portal venous system to the caval venous system leads to _______

A

portal hypertension which restricts blood flow causing caval vv to become engorged

78
Q

Dilated caval veins may become dilated and _________

A

varicose

79
Q

Dilated esophageal vv produce ____ ___

A

esophageal varices

80
Q

Dilated epigastric vv produce _____ _____

A

caput medusae

81
Q

Dilated infr. & mid rectal vv produce ________

A

hemorrhoids

82
Q

Varicose veins can lead to ______ rupture and severe ________

A
  • vascular

- hemorrhaging

83
Q

What can rupture esophageal veins causing irritation and constant bleeding?

A

food bolus

84
Q

The celiac plexus (prevertebral plexus) contains what 3 ganglia?

A
  • celiac
  • aorticorenal
  • superior mesenteric
85
Q

The aortic plexus contains what?

A
  • inferior mesenteric ganglion

- SMA & bifurcation

86
Q

Where is the superior hypogastric plexus located?

A
  • inferior to bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
87
Q

The innervation to the viscera of the abdomen is via what nerve plexus?

A

Autonomic; parasympathetic/ sympathetic

88
Q

At what vertebral levels do the sympathetic fibers that supply the abdomen originate?

A

T5-T12-L2 (3)
(thoracolumbar)

  • T5-T12 (foregut + midgut)
  • T12-L2 (hindgut)
89
Q

At what vertebral levels do the parasympathetic fibers that supply the abdomen originate?

A 
CN X (proximal) + S2-4 (distal)
(craniosacral)
90
Q

CN X supplies?

A

most of abdomen to midgut/hindgut @ transverse colon

91
Q

The preganglionic sympathetic splanchnic (T5-12)nn synapse in the ______ ganglia

A

collateral (para aortic)

92
Q

Sympathetic splanchnic postganglionic fibers of the leave the collateral ganglia to reach _____ _____

A

effector organs

93
Q

How do sympathetic splanchnic postganglionic fibers travel to effector organs?

A

n all main arterial branches ie celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa, IMA and all their branches

94
Q

Where are the sympathetic cell bodies found?

A

Lateral horn T1-L2

95
Q

The thoracic splanchnic nerves what three preganglionic sympathetic nerves?

A
  • Greater splanchnic nerve (T5-9)
  • Lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-11)
  • Least splanchnic (T12)
96
Q

Where do the thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

celiac plexus

97
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic lumbar splanchnic nerves synapse in ____ ______ ganglia

A

inferior mesenteric

98
Q

There is a postganglionic sympatheric connection between ganglia that allows ___ ____

A

cross talk

99
Q

Preganlionic parasympathetic nerves from ______ travel on upper arterial branches ie celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa and their branches

A

CN X

100
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves from _____ travel on lower arterial branches ie IMA and branches

A

S2-4

101
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves synapse within ____ ____

A

effector organs

102
Q

Thoracic and lumbar splachnic contain what types of nerve fibers?

A

preganglionic sympathetic

103
Q

Pelvic splanchnic contain what types of nerve fibers?

A

preganglionic parasympathtic

104
Q

____ ____ plexus travels w/ celiac branches

A

celiac canglion

105
Q

___ ___ ___ plexus travels with SMA branches

A

superior mesenteric ganglion

106
Q

____ ____ plexus travels with renal branches

A

aorticorenal ganglion

107
Q

___ ___ ___ plexus travels with IMA branches

A

inferior mesenteric ganglion

108
Q

Which of the 4 major autonomic ganglia receive thoracic splanchnic nn & CN X branches (preganglionic sympathetic)

A
  • celiac
  • superior mesenteric
  • aorticorenal
109
Q

Which of the 4 major autonomic ganglia receive lumbar splanchnic nn & S2-4 branches (preganglionic parasympathetic)

A
  • inferior mesenteric ganglion

Anatomy (12 decks)

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