Ex 3- Neuro- Reticular Formation

Question 1

The ______ _______ is phylogenetically old and the central core of the brainstem

Answer 1

reticular formation

Question 2

The reticular formation extends into the ________ as the ______

Answer 2

cerebrum

hypothalamus

Question 3

The reticular formation is important for the regulation of _______, ______ motor behaviors, ______ environment, ______ regulation, ______ and _____ , _______ tone

Answer 3

posture
stereotypic
internal
pain
sleep and wakefulness
emotional

Question 4

What are the three zones of the reticular formation?

Answer 4

1. Raphe or Median
2. Paramedian or Medial
3. Lateral

Question 5

Each zone is subdivided into a series of ________, based on _____, structure and _______

Answer 5

nuclei
connections
function

Question 6

Reticular formation is not appreciated in _______ tissue preparations

Answer 6

routine

Question 7

What are the three longitudinal zones of the reticular formation from medial to lateral?

Answer 7

Raphe (Median), Medial, Lateral

Question 8

The _______ zone is immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane

Answer 8

Raphe (Median)

Question 9

The ______ zone is alongside raphe, mixture of large and small neurons, and is the source of most _______ and ______ projections

Answer 9

Medial

Ascending and descending

Question 10

The ______ zone is prominent in rostral _______ and caudal ______, primarily involved in cranial nerve _________ and visceral functions

Answer 10

lateral
medulla
pons
reflexes

Question 11

RF neurons have extensive, complex connections; may innervate _______ levels of ______ _____, _____, _____

Answer 11

multiple
spinal cord
brainstem
thalamus

Question 12

During sleep paralysis the _______ wakes up but the ______ keeps the muscles flaccid. The dream state continues so _______ reticular formation keeps m. flaccid

Answer 12

cerebrum
pons
descending

Question 13

What are the 2 reticulospinal tracts?

Answer 13

Medial: pons
Lateral: medulla

Question 14

The _______: _____ is ipsilateral, descends near MLF & in anterior funiculus

Answer 14

medial: pons

Question 15

The ______: _____ descends bilaterally, in lateral funiculus

Answer 15

lateral: medulla

Question 16

The reticular formation is a major alternative to the _______ tract in regulating spinal motor neurons

Answer 16

corticospinal

Question 17

The reticular formation influences spinal motor neurons _______ and regulates spinal ______ so that only ______ stimuli evoke a reflex

Answer 17

directly
reflexes
noxious

Question 18

______ ______ neurons receive input from many areas including cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra, etc

Answer 18

Reticulospinal tract

Question 19

RF contains basic neural machinery for some complex _______ movements

Answer 19

patterned

Question 20

Section brainstem-______ junction in cat and it still walks

Answer 20

diencephalon

Question 21

Rhythmic motor patterns are associated with the brainstem ______ _____

Answer 21

reticular formation

Question 22

The brainstem reticular formation involves _____ centers, _______, ______

Answer 22

gaze centers
Mastication (supratrigeminal nucleus-pons)
Locomotion (pons)

Question 23

The midbrain gaze center is the ______(vertical/horizontal) gaze center?

Answer 23

vertical

Question 24

The pontine gaze center is the _______ (vertical/horizontal) gaze center?

Answer 24

horizontal

Question 25

The medulla "vital center" brainstem reticular formation includes what three rhythmic motor pattters?

Answer 25

heart rate respiration swallowing, vomiting

Question 26

Sleep ______ is a stereotyped movement disorder

Answer 26

bruxism

Question 27

The symptoms of sleep bruxism are tooth-_____ or tooth ______ which involve _____, _____ wear on teeth, ____ ____ discomfort upon waking and is most often seen in _____ individuals

Answer 27

``` grinding clenching sounds abnormal jaw muscle younger ```

Question 28

During sleep all muscles are in a state of _____ but with bruxism jaw muscles are ___-_____ which means that jaw opening and jaw closing m. are contacted at the _____ time

Answer 28

atonia co-contracted same

Question 29

What are the two theories of Bruxism?

Answer 29

Peripheral causes theory | Central causes theory

Question 30

The _______ causes theory of bruxism; - malocclusion results in premature and one-sided contact - jaw movements continue in attempt to reach resting position - based on clinical observation and experience w/ treatment

Answer 30

peripheral

Question 31

The ______ causes theory of bruxism; - sleep-related dysfunctions cause bruxism - input to supratrigeminal nucleus may be from basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus, and central nucleus of the amygdala

Answer 31

central

Question 32

``` Select the incorrect pair: A. Raphe: adjacent to sagittal plane B. Medial zone: source of most ascending and descending projections C. Lateral zone: cranial nerve reflexes D. Lateral zone: visceral functions E. Lateral zone: prominent in midbrain ```

Answer 32

E. Lateral zone is prominent in the caudal pons and rostral medulla

Question 33

Select the true statement about the reticular formation: A. Phylogenetically ancient B. Forms central core of brainstem C. Extent not truly appreciated in routine brainstem sections D. Extends into cerebrum as the hypothalamus E. All the above

Answer 33

E. All the above

Question 34

The RF modulates transmission in _______ pathways

Answer 34

pain

Question 35

The _____ system can suppress or facilitate pain, depending on circumstances ie wounded soldiers on battlefield who continue to function

Answer 35

nervous

Question 36

_______ ____ is central to one well described pain suppression system

Answer 36

periaqueductal gray (PAG)

Question 37

PAG receives pain info from ________ fibers and input from hypothalamus, cortex, etc; may contain _______ state info

Answer 37

spinomesencephalic | behavioral

Question 38

Input travels from the PAG to _____ then to _______ horn of spinal cord/spinal V nucleus

Answer 38

raphe | posterior

Question 39

One way _____ work to control pain is to activate ____-____ at multiple levels, receptors are abundant in ___, raphe, and _____ horn of cord

Answer 39

opiates PAG-raphe PAG posterior

Question 40

Raphe can inhibit ____ directly or indirectly by activating ______ that inhibit ______. Can also directly inhibit pain ______

Answer 40

STT interneurons STT afferents

Question 41

A lot of visceral info reaches RF, responds to _______ changes and projects to brainstem autonomic nuclei and spinal cord (comparable to pattern generators in motor control)

Answer 41

environmental

Question 42

Centers for controlling inspiration, expiration, rhythm of breathing in ____ and ______

Answer 42

pons | medulla

Question 43

Heart rate and blood pressure control in ______

Answer 43

medulla