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Anatomy > Digestive System- Histology > Flashcards

Digestive System- Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system consists of ______ _____ and ____ _____ _____

A
  • alimentary canal (GI tract)

- accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

The organs of the GI tract (alimentary canal) include ___, _____, ____, ____, _____ ____ and ____ ____

A
  • mouth
  • most of pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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3
Q

The Accessory Digestive Organs include ___, ____, ___ ____, ___, ___, _____

A
  • tongue (PB)
  • teeth (PB)
  • salivary glands (S)
  • pancreas (S)
  • liver (S)
  • gallbladder (S)
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4
Q

During _____ _____ organs come in direct contact with food and help to physically break it down

A

physical breakdown

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5
Q

What accessory digestive organs are involved in physical breakdown?

A
  • Tongue

- Teeth

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6
Q

During ___ ____ organs produce or store secretions that will reach the digestive tract via ducts; organs never come into direct contact w/ food

A

chemical breakdown

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7
Q

What accessory organs are involved in the chemical breakdown of food by producing or storing secretions?

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
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8
Q

Anything inside the lumen of the GI tract “outside the body” must cross the ____ ____ to be considered “inside” the body

A

epithelial lining

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9
Q

The structural organization of the wall of the alimentary canal from the proximal part of the esophagus to the distal part of the anal canal is the ___, although some specializations based on functional needs will be present

A

same

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10
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract from the lumen outward?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosa or Adventitia
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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A
  • lining epithlium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
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12
Q

What layer of the mucosa must you cross to be “inside” the body?

A

lining epithelium

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13
Q

What are the functions of the the mucosa?

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • secretion
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14
Q

What are the three parts of the mucosa?

A
  • Lining epithelium (barrier)
  • lamina propria ( loose (areolar) connective tissue)
  • muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle tissue)
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15
Q

What are the two types of lining epithelium and where are they found?

A
  • Nonkeratinized stratified squamos epithelium; mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus
  • Simple columnar epithelium; stomach, S. intestine, L. intestine
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16
Q

What type of lining epithelium is for protection?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamos epithelium

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17
Q

What type of lining epithelium is better for secretion/absorption and has tight junctions to stop leakage?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

What is the lamina propria made of ____ ____ ___ and is associated with the mucus membrane

A

loose (areolar) connective tissue

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19
Q

The muscularis mucosae consists of ______ muscle tissue and has 2 layers that create folds

A

smooth

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20
Q

This layer of the mucosa contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, glands, macrophages, GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue)

A

lamina propria

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21
Q

What layer isfound between the muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa?

A

submucosa

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22
Q

The submucosa is made up of _____ _____ _____ tissue and contains ________ plexus which contains unmyelinated nerves/ganglia that control _______

A
  • dense irregular connective
  • meissner’s
  • secretion
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23
Q

The upper 1/3 of the esophagus contains _______ muscle, middle 1/3 ______ muscle,
distal 1/3 _______

A
  • skeletal
  • mix (skeletal/smooth)
  • smooth
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24
Q

The muscularis externa contains ____ _____ tissue and ____ ____ plexus

A
  • smooth muscle tissue

- myenteric nerve

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25
Q

What are the two layers of smooth muscle tissue (involunatary m) that is found in the muscularis externa?

A
  • inner circular layer

- outer longitudinal layer

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26
Q

The inner circular layer can be thickened to form ________ or valves

A

sphincters

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27
Q

The outer longitudinal layer is found along the length of _____ _____

A
  • GI tract
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28
Q

The outer longitudinal layer dilates the _______ and ____ the GI tract when they ____

A
  • lumen
  • shortens
  • contract
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29
Q

The inner circular layer _____ the lumen and _____ the length of the GI tract

A
  • closes

- extend

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30
Q

The alternating contraction/relaxation of between the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer produces _______

A

peristalsis

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31
Q

The myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) controls the movement of ______ ____ in muscularis externa

A

smooth muscle

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32
Q

The serosa (visceral peritoneum) is a serous epithelial membrane made up of _______ on top of ______ and is found on __________

A
  • mesothelium ( simple squamos epithelium)
  • loose (areolar) connective tissue
  • organs of peritoneal cavity
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33
Q

The adventitia is made up of ____ ____ tissue and is found ________

A
  • loose (areolar) connective

- not in the peritoneal cavity

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34
Q

This is a collapsible muscular tube, that connects the laryngopharynx to the stomach at T12 to transport food to the stomach and produce mucus

A

esophagus

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35
Q

The esophagus is made up of what type of lining epithelium?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamos epithelium

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36
Q

The esophagus has what type of muscularis externa

A

proximal 1/3- skeletal muscle
middle 1/3- mix of smooth and skeletal
Distal 1/3- smooth muscle

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37
Q

Serosa is found in the _____ esophagus and adventitia is found in the _____ esophagus

A
  • distal

- proximal

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38
Q

What are the two types of mucous glands found in the esophagus that secrete mucus to reduce friction?

A
  • esophageal glands (proper)- submucosa

- esophageal cardiac glands (lamina propria)

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39
Q

What gland is found in the distal esophagus and is involved with gastric reflux?

A

esophageal cardiac glands; protects against stomach acid

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40
Q

What gland is associated with the length of the esophagus but is concentrated in the upper half?

A

esophageal glands (proper)- submucosa

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41
Q

Where does nonkeratinized stratified squamos epithelium change to simple columnar epithelium?

A

esophagogastric junction

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42
Q

What is the J shaped enlargement of the GI tract that connects the esophagus to the duodenum?

A

Stomach

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43
Q

What are the 4 gross anatomical subdivisions of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus
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44
Q

What re the functions of the stomach?

A
  • hold and mix food (chemical and physical breakdown)

- protein, lipid, and carbs degredation

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45
Q

10% of absorption occurs in the ______ and ___ _____ while 90% occcurs in the ____ ______

A
  • stomach, L intestine

- S intestine

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46
Q

These are muscosa and submucosa folds that accommodate expansion of the stomach (empty stomach collapses on itself)

A

Rugae

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47
Q

Food is referred to ______ from the esophagus to the stomach

A

bolus

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48
Q

Food is referred to ____ when it leaves the stomach and enters the S intestine

A

chyme (low pH) - fluid like

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49
Q

The pH of chyme must be _____ to go into the duodenum

A

increased

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50
Q

What is the thickened circular smooth muscle found at the distal part of the stomach that controls chyme secretion to the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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51
Q

What are the histological subdivisions of the stomach?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus/body
  • pylorus
52
Q

In the cardia of the stomach cardiac glands produce primarily ______

A

mucous

53
Q

In the fundus/body of the stomach gastric (fundic) glands contain cells that secrete _____ and _____

A
  • HCL

- pepsin

54
Q

In the pylorus region of the stomach, the pyloric glands produce primarily _______

A

mucous

55
Q

Mucous glands are found near the ______ and _____ of the stomach

A
  • entrance

- exit

56
Q

Glands are invaginations of this layer?

A

lamina propria

57
Q

Secretions from glands enter ______ and then go to the ______

A
  • pits

- surface

58
Q

What type of lining is found in the stomach and what can be formed from by the invagination of the lamina propria?

A
  • simple columbar epithelium with surface mucous cells

- gastric pits- which lead to glands (simple branched tubular glands)

59
Q

The submucosa of the stomach contains ______ glands

A

no

60
Q

What is the third layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach that is not found in other parts of the digestive system?

A

Inner oblique layer

61
Q

The third layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach; inner oblique allows for the ______ breakdown of food

A

physical

62
Q

The _____ is found on the whole length of the stomach?

A

Serosa

63
Q

The _________ junction is where epithelial cells change from stratified columnar to simple columnar epithelium

A

esophagogastric

64
Q

What is one way to determine a pyloric from a cardiac gland?

A

pyloric glands have longer pits

65
Q

The fundic glands are found in the fundus/body subdivision of the stomach and contain what three parts?

A
  • Isthmus
  • Neck
  • Base
66
Q

Stems cells regenerate cells every 3-5 days and are found in which part of the fundic glands?

A

isthmus

67
Q

What are the five different types of cells found in the fundic gland?

A
  • surface mucous cell
  • mucous neck cell
  • parietal cell
  • chief cell
  • G cell (enteroendocrine cell)
68
Q

What are the cells found in the neck of the fundic gland?

A
  • mucous neck cell

- parietal cell

69
Q

The ______ cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor and stain eosinophilic bc they contain numerous mitochondria for ion pumps and a central nucleus

A

parietal cell

70
Q

What cells are found in the base of the fundic gland?

A
  • chief cell

- G cell (enterendocrine cell)

71
Q

_____ cells have granules and secrete pepsinogen (proteins) and gastric lipase (lipids)

A

chief

72
Q

____ cells are enteroendocrine cell that secretes the hormone gastrin

A

G

73
Q

Parietal cells secrete _____ that converts pepsinogen to pepsin and intrinsic factor needed for the absorption of vitamin ____

A
  • HCl

- B12

74
Q

G cells secrete ____ that stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen

A

gastrin

75
Q

The muscularis allows for _____ _____ which mixes food with gastric juice to form chyme and peristalsis which forces ____ through the pyloric sphincter

A
  • mixing waves

- chyme

76
Q

What macromolecule is digested from beginning to end in the small intestine?

A

Nucleic Acid

77
Q

____ % of absorption occurs in the small intestine

A

90

78
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
79
Q

The small intestine has a ______ surface area available for absorption and is ______ ft long

A
  • large (200m^2)

- 10

80
Q

What are the permanent transverse circular folds with a submucosa core that are found in the small intestine; inc surface area for digestion and absorption?

A

plicae circulares

81
Q

What are the fingerlike projections of mucosa found in the small intestine?

A

villi

82
Q

What are the projections of apical membrane of intestinal absorptive cells (folds of villi); striated border; inc surface area for digestion and absorption

A

microvilli

83
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine?

A
  • Absorptive cells (enterocytes)

- Goblet cells

84
Q

These cells of the S. intestine have their nucleus at the base and can produce enzymes

A

absorptive cells (enterocytes)

85
Q

These cells increase in number as you go through the S. intestine to the L. intestine

A

goblet cells

86
Q

These glands are tubular glands that consist of paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and stem cells?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn (Intestinal Glands)

87
Q

These cells are found near the base of the crypts, stain eosinophilic, secrete lysozymes and regulate the bacteria flora of the S. intestine

A

paneth cells

88
Q

Paneth cells secrete lysozymes that _______

A

are bacterial enzymes that digest bacterial cell walls

89
Q

The submucosa of the small intestine (duodenum) contains what specialized glands?

A

Brunner’s glands

90
Q

Brunner’s glands produce _________

A

alkaline mucous that neutralize the pH of chyme with the bicarbonate form the pancreas

91
Q

The majority of the stomach contains serosa

A

Ture; except for the retroperitoneal duodenum

92
Q

In the ileum, groups of _____ _____ are present in the lamina propria and submucosa

A

lymphatic nodules ( Peyer’s patches)

93
Q

What are the specialized epithelial cells in the ileum that overlie Peyer’s patches and have an antigen presenting role?

A

M (microfold cells)

94
Q

T/F The large intestine contains plicae circulares and villi

A

False; does not contain these

95
Q

These are found in the large intestine, this is an outer muscularis externa layer that is gathered into bands

A

teniae coli

96
Q

What are the pouches and sacks found in the large intestine?

A

haustra

97
Q

What are the fatty projections of serosa that are found in the large intestine?

A

omental appendages

98
Q

What is the mucous membrane w/ longitudinal folds that is found in the large intestine?

A

anal columns

99
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • absorption of H2O
  • formation and elimination of feces
  • bacteria synthesize vitamins (B + K)
  • bacterial fermentation of carbs which releases gases
100
Q

________ ________ epithelium lines the small and large intestines

A

simple columnar

101
Q

The small intestine and the large intestine contain crypts of Lieberkuhn; what are the differences in the large intestine?

A
  • absorptive cells are colonocytes (have microvilli)
  • Goblet cells are increased
  • no paneth cells bc lots of bacteria
102
Q

Where does the epithelium change from stratified squamous to nonkeratinized to keratinized at the surface?

A

recto-anal junction (conversion back to skin)

103
Q

What are the three parts of the pancreas?

A
  • head
  • body
  • tail
104
Q

The pancreas is 98-99% an ______ gland and 1-2% _______ gland

A
  • exocrine (compund acinar gland)

- endocrine (islets of langerhans)

105
Q

What is the function of the exocrine gland part of the pancreas?

A
  • secretes pancreatic juices (enzymes, bicarbonate) to surface of duodenum
106
Q

What role does the bicarbonate that is produced by the exocrine part of the pancreas play?

A
  • neutralizes chyme secreted into duodenum
107
Q

What is the function of the endocrine gland (islet of langerhans) of the pancreas?

A
  • secretes hormones (insulin + glucagon)
108
Q

The exocrine portion of the pancreas stains ________ than the endocrine portion

A

darker

109
Q

The liver receives blood from what two sources?

A
  • hepatic artery

- hepatic portal vein

110
Q

The hepatic artery supplies _______ blood to the liver

A

oxygenated

111
Q

The hepatic portal vein carries ________ blood with newly absorbed nutrients, drugs, and possible microbes and toxins from the GI tract

A

deoxygenated

112
Q

Where is oxygen, most of the nutrients, and certain toxic substances taken up by hepatocytes; also where hepatocytes’ products and stored nutrients are secreted back into the blood

A

liver sinusoids

113
Q

What is the progression of blood from the liver to the heart?

A
  • oxygenated blood (hepatic artery) + nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood (hepatic portal vein)
  • Liver sinusoids
  • Central vein
  • Hepatic vein
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Right atrium of heart
114
Q

These are the six-sided structures consisting of specialized cells (hepatocytes) in plates surrounded a central vein

A

hepatic lobules

115
Q

Stacks of plates of hepatocytes one cell thick are surrounded by __________

A

anastomosing sinusoids lined w/ discontinuous endothelium

116
Q

What is the space that microvilli of the hepatocytes extend into?

A

perisinusoidal space (space of Disse) - btw endothelial cells and hepatocytes

117
Q

What are the largest cells lining the sinusoids that are phagocytotic (breakdown old or damaged RBCs from spleen)

A

Kupffer cells

118
Q

What are found on each corner of the hexagonal hepatic lobules?

A

portal triad (bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery)

119
Q

The bile duct is lined with what type of epithelium?

A

simple cuboidal

120
Q

Hepatocytes produce ____ that goes into caniliculi in the heaptic lobules

A

bile

121
Q

What is used for the storage of bile and the release of it when it is needed for fast breakdown?

A

gallbladder

122
Q

T/F The gallbladder contains no submucosa and no lymphatic vessels in the lamina propria

A

true

123
Q

What is very large in the gallbladder that is used for squirting out bile?

A

muscularis externa

124
Q

Bile contains _____ which is a byproduct of breaking down hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

125
Q

H2O, electrolytes, and bile salts are important for the digestion of ______

A

fats (emulsification)

Anatomy (12 decks)

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