Low Altitude Tactics Flashcards
Low Level Flight
Route consists of straight line navigation at a constant airspeed and altitude
Contour Flight
Takes advantage of available cover and concealment to avoid enemy detection by varying airspeed and altitude as obstacles and vegetation dictate
How should the RADALT be set during LAT routes
Set at the minimum altitude (hard deck) minus 10% of that altitude so that the warning does not constantly trigger.
Response when RADALT Low Altitude Warning Sounds
PF shall make verbal response “correcting” and increase separation back to briefed minimum altitude then PF shall make verbal response “reset”
Height Above Terrain Feature
Terrain obstacles that are co-altitude with the aircraft appear yellow, those higher than the aircrafts altitude appear red
Terrain Shading Feature
24 bands of gray, centered around the middle height of the displayed terrain to look 3-dimensional with darkest shades at the highest elevation
Sun Shading Feature
15 shades of gray with light sources elevation and azimuth adjustable to display a real time view of the terrain
Estimated fuel burn with ECLs at 75% Nr
20 PPM1200 PPH
Estimated max range fuel burn
45 PPM2700 PPH
Estimated max endurance fuel burn
30 PPM1800 PPH
Estimated fuel burn at 240 KCAS
60 PPM3600 PPH
Estimated fuel burn at 90% Qm
66 PPM 3960 PPH
Estimated fuel burn at 100% Qm
73 PPM4380 PPH
Line of Sight Function
Provides real time information from the aircraft to a selected point showing if the LOS is clear or obstructed, and elevation, bearing and distance to the point.
Time on target function
Mission Computer compares the desired time of arrival against the current system time and winds aloft to calculate the recommended groundspeed, ETE and ETA for each leg leading to the TOT waypoint.
Time on target is synonymous with what term
L-hour
When will the wingman not fly step down
When lead is 300ft AGL or below
Comfort Level (CL)
The lowest altitude where an aircrew can accommodate task loading and maintain safe terrain clearance. It varies depending on terrain, aircrew skill, currency, etc..
Climb to Cope
Performed when SA or mission performance is degraded. Executed as an adjustment to CL or as a response to KIO. Training can resume once aircrew are confident that safe operations are assured
Knock it Off (KIO)
Result of a dangerous loss of SA or potentially hazardous circumstance develops
Response to KIO
Immediate wings level controlled climb to a briefed altitude and discontinuation of training until the cause has been addressed
Conditions that warrant a KIO call
- Any aircraft descends below minimum briefed altitude2. Any aircraft descends in a turn that was intended to be level3. Any aircraft NORDO or loses ICS4. Aircrew loses SA5. Other unsafe condition
When can more than one flight operate on a LAT route
- Common frequency monitored by each flight2. Each flight has their own discrete frequency3. Flight separation is pre-briefed
Terminate
To cease current maneuver with leveling off at present or briefed altitude
MSA
500ft clearance above highest obstacle within 5nm either side of course line for that leg of the route
ESA
1000ft clearance above highest obstacle within 25nm either side of course line for the entire route
50% Rule
Used to provide maximum flight path angle by using 50% of the maneuver initiation altitude AGL in hundreds of feet. (ex. from 4000ft use 20 degrees nose down)
5 degree rule
Used to determine rapid descent angle following a vertical climb in response to a threat. Use 5 degrees less than the maximum flight path angle used during the climb
Small descent rule
Flight path angle should not exceed 1 degree per 100ft of altitude deviation
Dive Recovery Rule
Provides dive recovery initiate altitudes as a function of initial dive flight path angle with a planned recovery of 200ft AGL
Dive Recovery Rule Dive FPAs and corresponding initiate recovery altitudes
20 degrees - 800ft15 degrees - 600ft10 degrees - 450ft5 degrees - 300ft
APLN Mode Turn Maneuver
Initiate at 240 KCAS1. 60 degree AOB turn maintaining altitude and airspeed for 180 degrees2. Roll wings level and note the turn radius, rate, and ability to maintain level flight3. Repeat at 200 KCAS
Converting Turn Maneuver
Initiate at 240 KCAS1. 60 degree AOB turn 2. Autobeep to 100% Nr when reaching 220 KCAS and reduce power3. At 200 KCAS reduce AOB to 45 degrees and begin conversion to 60 degree nacelle4. During conversion, add full power and pull aft stick to reduce radius of turn5. Roll wings level after 180 degrees of heading change
Level Quick Stop
- Establish straight and level at 500ft AGL, 240 KCAS2. TCL full aft3. Increase pitch to maintain altitude4. Autobeep as the aircraft decelerates below 220 KCAS5. Max rate nacelles aft6. Approaching 60 degrees adjust pitch attitude toward level and adjust power to maintain level flight
Purpose of Level Quick Stop
To rapidly decelerate while maintaining minimum LAT obstacle clearance
Easy Turn
Basically a standard rate turn
Hard Turn
Energy sustaining turn where AOB is adjusted to maintain airspeed and altitude while at max continuous power
Max Performance Turn
Maximum NATOPS AOB, non-energy sustaining turn. Used for threat reaction
Bunt Maneuver
Used to cross terrain that is perpendicular to the course1. Commence wings level climb, ideally at the lowest part of the obstacle2. Once cleared reduce climb rate to cross terrain feature 3. Once clear descend
Roll Maneuver
Used to cross terrain that runs generally parallel to the course line1. Parallel the terrain feature2. Initiate a hard turn toward the obstacle and cross at a 45 degree angle3. Initiate a wings level climb across the lowest part of the obstacle4. Once clear, begin descent 5. Initiate a hard turn to intercept the flight path
Zoom Climb Maneuver
- Begin at 240 KCAS2. Add full power and pull the nose to max pitch attitude3. Allow the nose to drop to maintain 180 KCAS in the climb4. Level off at appropriate altitude
Inertia Maneuver
- Establish a zoom climb2. 300ft prior to level off altitude, enter a 60 degree AOB, relax aft stick, and bottom rudder3. As the nose slices toward the horizon and VVI approaches 0 fpm, level the wings
Maximum Angle of Climb Maneuver
- Begin at 240 KCAS 2. Raise the nose to 20 degrees and auto beep to 100% Nr3. At 220 KCAS, reduce power to idle 4. At 200 KCAS convert to 60 degree nacelle, while adding power 5. As the airspeed bleeds to 75 KCAS lower the nose to maintain best climb angle
Straight Oblique
Also known as the Climb to Dive Maneuver1. Begin at 95% Qm 2. Initiate an increase in pitch to max allowable3. Once desired pitch is reached, roll into max AOB turn 4. Once AOB has been reached, push the nose down thorough the horizon to establish a rate of descent 5. Use the 5 degree rule to determine pitch down6. Once the nose crosses through the horizon roll wings level 7. Initiate dive recovery to recover at 200ft AGL
Distance to climb, max climb rate and, max climb airspeed at 40,000 lbs
5 nm4,000 fpm 122 KCAS
Distance to climb, max climb rate and, max climb airspeed at 45,000 lbs
7 nm3,100 fpm 133 KCAS
Distance to climb, max climb rate and, max climb airspeed at 50,000 lbs
10 nm2,400 fpm 144 KCAS
Distance to climb, max climb rate and, max climb airspeed at 55,000 lbs
14 nm1,800 fpm 154 KCAS
Distance to climb, max climb rate and, max climb airspeed at 60,000 lbs
20 nm1,300 fpm 162 KCAS
Where can LAT not be conducted
Over water
Where can LAT be conducted
Restricted AreaMOAMilitary Training Routes
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