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Geography > Living World: Ecosystems > Flashcards

Living World: Ecosystems Flashcards

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0
Q

What is an organism?

A

Producer, consumer and decomposer

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1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is all the living and non living parts in an area.

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2
Q

What is the nutrient cycle?

A

This is where dead matter is decomposed and the nutrients is released into the soil. This is then taken up by plants. They may be eaten my consumers and when they die its returned back to the soil.

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3
Q

What are the three types of ecosystem?

A
  • Tropical rainforest (Amazon)
  • Hot desert (Australia)
  • Temperate deciduous forest (Epping Forrest)
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4
Q

What factors determines what type of Eco system is formed?

A

Climate.

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5
Q

Where on a map are tropical rainforest a found?

A

At the equator.

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6
Q

Where are hot deserts found and why?

A

They are found between 15-30 degrees north and south of the equator as there is less rainfall.

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7
Q

Where are temperate deciduous forests found and why?

A

Between 40-60 degrees north and south of the equator. This is because there are four distinct seasons.

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8
Q

What is the soil like in a tropical rainforest?

A

The soil isn’t very fertile as the heavy take washes away the nutrients. The top nutrient layer is very thin.

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers in the rainforest?

A
  • Shrub layer
  • Under Canopy
  • Canopy
  • Emergents
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10
Q

How high are the trees in the canopy layer?

A

30m

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11
Q

In comparison to the canopy layer, how tall are the under canopy layer?

A

Half as tall

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12
Q

How tall are the emergent trees?

A

40m

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13
Q

How tall is the shrub layer?

A

10m

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14
Q

How are the leaves adapted for heavy rainfall?

A
  • Thick waxy leaves

- Pointed tips (drip tip)

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15
Q

How are the roots in the rainforest adapted?

A

Tall trees have buttress roots to support their trunks in shallow soil.

16
Q

What is the name of the climbing plants in the rainforest?

A

Lianas. They use tree trunks to climb up to the light.

17
Q

Why are the trees deciduous? (Drop leaves in drier periods)

A

To reduce water loss.

18
Q

What three things are temperate deciduous forests used for?

A
  • Timber (wood is then sold)
  • Timber products (fencing)
  • Recreation (walking and cycling)
19
Q

Give three sustainable managements strategies to conserve deciduous rainforests for the future.

A
  • Controlling felling
  • Replanting
  • Planning for recreational use
20
Q

What is felling?

A

Felling is clearing trees in an area.

21
Q

What is the deciduous forest case study?

A

New forest in Hampshire.

22
Q

How much area does the New forest cover?

A

375km

23
Q

What is the New Forest used for?

A
  • Timber
  • Timber products
  • Farming
  • Recreation
24
Q

What much timber does the New Forest produce each year?

A

50,000 tons.

25
Q

What do local mills to the New Forest make with the timber?

A

Fencing products.

26
Q

How is the New Forest managed?

A
  • Areas cleared of trees are replanted or restored to habitats
  • Walkers and cyclists are encouraged to stick to cycle paths
  • Dogs aren’t allowed near wildlife breeding sites
27
Q

What are the 5 main causes of deforestation?

A
  • Farming
  • Commercial logging
  • Mineral extraction
  • Road building
  • Population pressure
28
Q

What is commercial logging?

A

Trees are felled to make money.

29
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

Farming for yourself only.

30
Q

What political pressures are there towards deforestation?

A

Foreign governments pressure to stop deforestation.

31
Q

What 2 economic impacts does deforestation have?

A
  • Logging and farming create jobs

- A lot of money is made from selling timber, mining and commercial farming.

32
Q

What environmental impacts are there in the tropical rainforest due to deforestation?

A
  • Fewer trees… Fewer habitats and food sources.
  • Reduction in biodiversity, organisms may move or die
  • Soil erosion as trees aren’t holding soil together
  • Soil kills fish as it is washed into the rivers and makes the water undrinkable
  • No trees means no leaf fall which means no nutrient supplied to the soil which makes it less fertile
  • Less canopy layer means more water hits the ground which increases the risk of flooding
  • Less photosynthesis
33
Q

What is the case study for deforestation of tropical rainforests?

A

The Amazon

34
Q

Since 1960 how many square kilometres have been destroyed?

A

600,000km2

35
Q

What percent of the Amazon was removed for cattle ranching?

A

60%

Geography (13 decks)

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