Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Question 1

classic liver lobule

Answer 1

functional unit based around central vein- hexagon

Question 2

portal liver accinus

Answer 2

diamond shaped with central veins on love axis and portal ascends on short axis
functional unit based on blood flow

Question 3

portal lobule

Answer 3

triangle with central veins in corners

functional unit based on bile flow

Question 4

spaces between hepatocyte plates

Answer 4

sinusoids

Question 5

portal space contains

Answer 5

CT
lymphatics
nerves
portal triad

Question 6

portal triad contains

Answer 6

interlobular portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

Question 7

bile duct lining

Answer 7

cuboidal cells

Question 8

kupffer cells

Answer 8

phagocytic cells located between the gaps between endothelial cells in liver sinusoids

Question 9

kupffer cell function

Answer 9

produce bilirubin (RBC breakdown)

Question 10

perisinusoidal space of Disse

Answer 10

between sinusoids and hepatocytes

location of stellate cells

Question 11

stellate cell function

Answer 11

fat storage
vitamin A storage
contractile
make reticular fibers

Question 12

flow of hepatic blood

Answer 12

enters via portal vein and hepatic artery
interlobular (both)
portal triad vessels (both)
sinusoids (site of mixing)
central vein
sublobular vein
hepatic vein

Question 13

most metabolically active zone of hepatic acinus

Answer 13

zone 1

Question 14

first zone of hepatic acinus to be affected by hypoxia or ischemia

Answer 14

zone 3

Question 15

bile flow

Answer 15

canaliculi
ductules
interlobular bile ducts
larger ducts
hepatic ducts
common bile duct

Question 16

lining of interlobular bile ducts

Answer 16

cuboidal epithelium

Question 17

lining of larger ducts

Answer 17

switch to columnar

Question 18

lining of hepatic ducts

Answer 18

switches from columnar to stratified columnar

Question 19

liver CT framework

Answer 19

reticular fibers around hepatocytes and sinusoids
dense/loose CT around vessels and ducts
surround bye thin CT capsule

Question 20

hepatocyte function

Answer 20

synthesis of plasma proteins
metabolite storage and release
detoxification and inactivation of toxins
iron storage
blood formation (fetus)
vitamins
endocrine

Question 21

where are plasma proteins made

Answer 21

SER and RER of hepatocytes

Question 22

detox loaction

Answer 22

SER- oxidation and conjugation
perioxisome- oxidation and catabolism
lysosome- waste digestion and iron storage

Question 23

vitamins dealt with in liver

Answer 23

A, D, K

Question 24

endocrine function of liver

Answer 24

converts T4 to T3
GH releasing factors
degrades insulina nd glucagon

Question 25

genitic storage disease

Answer 25

inborn errors of metabolism resulting in accumulation of metabolites in hepatocytes lipids are most common

Question 26

hepatitis

Answer 26

inflammation of liver, acute of chronic

Question 27

causes of hepatitis

Answer 27

toxins, drugs, viral | degeneration of hepatocytes

Question 28

councilman bodies

Answer 28

spotty necrosis with aggregates of inflammatory cells around necrotic hepatocytes

Question 29

cirrhosis of liver

Answer 29

collagen fibers replace reticular fibers end stage of several liver diseases blood flow compromised and bile flow blocked--> portal tension--> jaundice

Question 30

most common liver cancer

Answer 30

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 31

lining of gallbladder

Answer 31

simple columnar epithelium with microvilli- absorptive

Question 32

stimulates of gallbladder contraction

Answer 32

ANS CCK gastrin

Question 33

calculi

Answer 33

gallstones | solid chunks of bile that attract salt and calcium deposits

Question 34

obstructive jaundice

Answer 34

blockage in common bile duct resulting in bile backup and spillage into blood

Question 35

cholecystitis

Answer 35

gallbladder inflammation caused by blockage of cystic duct resulting in gallbladder hypertrophy and increased luminal pressure

Question 36

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

Answer 36

sinuses formed in gallbladder by increased pressure pushing mucosa into muscularis

Question 37

exocrine function of pancreas

Answer 37

release of digestive enzymes

Question 38

duct progression of exocrine pancreas

Answer 38

intercalated ducts intralobar ducts interlobular ducts main accessory and pancreatic ducts

Question 39

lining of intercalated ducts

Answer 39

low cuboidal epithelium

Question 40

lining of intralobar ducts

Answer 40

simple cuboidal or columnar

Question 41

lining of interlobular ducts

Answer 41

stratified columnar

Question 42

regulation of exocrine pancreas

Answer 42

secretin- bicarbonate release | CCK- enzyme secretion

Question 43

pancreatitis

Answer 43

chronic or acute inflammation of pancreatis

Question 44

endocrine pancreas function

Answer 44

glucose control

Question 45

alpha cells of pancreas

Answer 45

glucagon

Question 46

beta cells

Answer 46

insulin

Question 47

delta cells

Answer 47

somatostatin and gastrin

Question 48

F cells

Answer 48

inhibitor of somatostatin

Question 49

glut 2

Answer 49

insulin independent glucose transporter

Question 50

glut 4

Answer 50

insulin dependent glucose transporter