Liver billiary and pancreas Flashcards
which to hepatides can cause cirrhosis
B and C
what bilirubin conc causes jaundice
> 50 uM/L
what is kernicterus
brain damage due to neonatal jaundice
prehepatic jaundice
pale urine pale stools
hepatocellular jaundice
variable urine and stools
obstructive jaundice
dark urine dark stools
significantly raised ALP
obstructive jaundice
hep a
faecal oral
developing world
immunisation possible
no treatment needed, most recover
hep B
blood sex vertical immunisation possible cancer usually no treatment needed if acute chronic- antiviral/interferon
hep c
blood borne
no immunisation
rarely causes symptoms
screening of at risk people
hep e
similar to A
may be severe in pregnancy
hep d
worsens prognosis of B
what are the common causes of pancreatitis
alcohol gallstones trauma medication infection tumour high calcium level
what blood tests would suggest acute pancreatitis
raised amylase and lipase
also: imaging
what could oily, smelly stool indicate
pancreatic disease
what are the symptoms of chronic pancreatitis
abdominal pain
may radiate to the back
difficulty gaining weight
flatulence
what ascitic tap result suggests SBP
> 500 white cells per mm3
what osmotic laxative might you prescribe for hepatic encephalopathy
lactulose
what is non diabetic hyperglycaemia
glucose is raised above normal but not enough to cause microvascular damage
what does the HbA1c level have to be to diagnose diabetes
48
what does the HbA1c level have to be to diagnose pre-diabetes
42-47
what is MODY
maturity onset diabetes of young
some features of both type one and two
what else can cause ‘diabetes’
endocrine disease- cushings, acromegaly etc
drugs
genetic defect
exocrine pancreas disease (pancreatitis, CF, cancer)
what penis infection is common in diabetes
candida balanitis
what emergency are type 2 diabetics more likely to present with
HONK
what is lispro, aspart, glulisine
rapid acting analogues
what is isophane
slow acting insulin
what is glargine, detimir, degludec
basal acting insuin
metformin, biguanides, thiazolidenediones
reduce insulin resistance
increase B cell activity
sulphonylureas
meglitinides
increase GLP1 activity
DPP4 Inhibitors
incretins
what hormones oppose insulin
noradrenaline
cortisol
glucagon
what is a side effect of irbesartan
hyperkalaemia
