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TCD <3 > Liver billiary and pancreas > Flashcards

Liver billiary and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

which to hepatides can cause cirrhosis

A

B and C

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2
Q

what bilirubin conc causes jaundice

A

> 50 uM/L

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3
Q

what is kernicterus

A

brain damage due to neonatal jaundice

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4
Q

prehepatic jaundice

A

pale urine pale stools

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5
Q

hepatocellular jaundice

A

variable urine and stools

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6
Q

obstructive jaundice

A

dark urine dark stools

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7
Q

significantly raised ALP

A

obstructive jaundice

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8
Q

hep a

A

faecal oral
developing world
immunisation possible
no treatment needed, most recover

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9
Q

hep B

A 
blood 
sex
vertical 
immunisation possible 
cancer
usually no treatment needed if acute
chronic- antiviral/interferon
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10
Q

hep c

A

blood borne
no immunisation
rarely causes symptoms
screening of at risk people

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11
Q

hep e

A

similar to A

may be severe in pregnancy

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12
Q

hep d

A

worsens prognosis of B

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13
Q

what are the common causes of pancreatitis

A 
alcohol 
gallstones
trauma 
medication 
infection
tumour 
high calcium level
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14
Q

what blood tests would suggest acute pancreatitis

A

raised amylase and lipase

also: imaging

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15
Q

what could oily, smelly stool indicate

A

pancreatic disease

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of chronic pancreatitis

A

abdominal pain
may radiate to the back
difficulty gaining weight
flatulence

17
Q

what ascitic tap result suggests SBP

A

> 500 white cells per mm3

18
Q

what osmotic laxative might you prescribe for hepatic encephalopathy

A

lactulose

19
Q

what is non diabetic hyperglycaemia

A

glucose is raised above normal but not enough to cause microvascular damage

20
Q

what does the HbA1c level have to be to diagnose diabetes

A

48

21
Q

what does the HbA1c level have to be to diagnose pre-diabetes

A

42-47

22
Q

what is MODY

A

maturity onset diabetes of young

some features of both type one and two

23
Q

what else can cause ‘diabetes’

A

endocrine disease- cushings, acromegaly etc
drugs
genetic defect
exocrine pancreas disease (pancreatitis, CF, cancer)

24
Q

what penis infection is common in diabetes

A

candida balanitis

25
Q

what emergency are type 2 diabetics more likely to present with

A

HONK

26
Q

what is lispro, aspart, glulisine

A

rapid acting analogues

27
Q

what is isophane

A

slow acting insulin

28
Q

what is glargine, detimir, degludec

A

basal acting insuin

29
Q

metformin, biguanides, thiazolidenediones

A

reduce insulin resistance

30
Q

increase B cell activity

A

sulphonylureas

meglitinides

31
Q

increase GLP1 activity

A

DPP4 Inhibitors

incretins

32
Q

what hormones oppose insulin

A

noradrenaline
cortisol
glucagon

33
Q

what is a side effect of irbesartan

A

hyperkalaemia

TCD <3 (19 decks)

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