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TCD <3 > Bladder and prostate cancer > Flashcards

Bladder and prostate cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what can cause haematuria

A

kidneys: stones
nephritic disease
trauma
renal cancer

bladder: cancer
UTI
stones
prostate disease

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2
Q

what do most patients with haematuria over 45 receive

A 
flexi cystoscopy and CT urogram 
Us and Es
eGFR
PSA
dipstick
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3
Q

what investigations would you offer someone under 45 with haematuria

A

eGFR, proteins, BP

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4
Q

what is the most common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in med

A

BPH

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5
Q

what is the most common cancer in men

A

prostate

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6
Q

what is a gleason score

A

way of grading prostate cancer

1- small uniform glands
5-only occasional gland formation (poorly differentiated)

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7
Q

what is the trigone of the bladder

A

two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice.

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8
Q

what are the possible origins of haematuria

A 
Renal(glomerular)	
• Collec;ng system	(papillae	/calyces)	
• Ureter	
• Bladder	
• Prostate	
• Urethra	
also haemaspermia
and perineal bleeding
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9
Q

what should you ask about in a haematuria history

A 
blood in the urine
pain 
fevers
weight loss
smoking
occupation (dyes)

medication
family history

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10
Q

how can you image the urinary system

A 
KUB xray
intravenous pyelogram
USS
CT
MRI
angiography
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11
Q

what is the composition of stones

A

calcium oxalate
struvite (staghorn)
urate (radiolucent)

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12
Q

what are the benign kidney tumours

A

angiomyolipomas

oncocytoma

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13
Q

what are the malignant kidney tumours

A

renal cell carcinomas

transitional cell

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14
Q

what is papillary necrosis

A

necrosis and shedding of medullary papillae

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15
Q

what are the risk factors for papillary necrosis

A

analgesia
diabetes
sickle cell disease
infection

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16
Q

what are some types of cystic kidney disease

A

simple cysts
aquired cystic disease
inherited: ADPKD, ARPCKD, medullary cystic kidney disease, TS, VHL

17
Q

what are the extrarenal complications of cystic kidey disease

A

berry aneurysms, liver, pancreas, spleen cysts, mitral valve prolapse

18
Q

what are the features of VHL

A

CNS haemangioblastoma
retinal angioma
renal lesions (cysts, carcinoma, haemangioblastoma)

19
Q

what antibiotics are commonly used for UTIs

A

trimethoprim, cephalexin or nitrofurantoin

20
Q

what is renal papillary necrosis

A

nephropathy involving necrosis of the renal papilla caused by ischaemia

pyelonephritis
obstruction 
sickle cell
tb
cirrhosis
analgesia
alcohol
thrombosis
diabetes
vasculitis

TCD <3 (19 decks)

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