Anaemia Flashcards
what is normal Hb
121-166 g/L
what is normal haematocrit
0.36-0.49
what are the signs of anaemia
Fatigue • Weakness • Pale or yellowish skin • Irregular heartbeats • Shortness of breath – worse if underlying respiratory or cardiac disease • Dizziness or light-headedness • Chest pain – worse if underlying arterial disease • Cold hands and feet • Headache
how should you initially treat an adult with microcytic hypochromic anaemia
ferrous sulphate and refer for more tests
how should you initially treat an adult with megaloblastic anaemia
send blood for b12 and folate levels
what type of anaemia would you get due to blood loss
normochromic and normocytic (takes a few hours for the plasma to expand in response to blood loss so anaemia is not picked up straight away)
how could you treat normocytic normochromic anaemia
transfusion if symptomatic or ferrous sulphate (1000mls of blood loss means loss of 500mg of iron)
what type of blood disorder does alcohol excess cause
macrocytosis
what causes normochromic normocytic anaemia
acute blood loss
anaemia of chronic disease
anaemia of renal failure
what causes hypochromic microcytic anaemia
severe protein deficiency sideroblastic anaemia thalassaemia chronic inflammation iron deficiency
what are the haematinic anaemias
iron
b12
folate
what are the causes of macrocytic anaemia
• Alcohol • Pregnancy • Drugs – chemotherapy (an*-folates, an*-purines) an* HIV drugs • Liver disease • Raised re*culocyte count • Hypothyroidism • Myelodysplasia, including acquired sideroblas*c anaemia • Aplas*c anemia and red cell aplasia • Hypoxia • Myeloma and other paraproteinaemias
what can cause warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
idiopathic SLE lymphoma CLL drugs teratoma
what can cause cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
ebv
mycoplasma pneumonia
UC
what type of anaemia do you get in beta thalassaemia
microcytic
how do you treat thalassaemia
blood transfusions
iron chelation
stem cell transplant
what are the acute complications of sickle cells disease
painful crises
acute chest
stroke
how can you classify haemolytic anaemias
Congenital:
- Membrane
- enzyme
- haemoglobin
aquired:
- autoimmune
- microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
- drugs, infections, toxins
- copper
what are the signs and symptoms of folate deficiency
sensory peripheral neuropathy
pre-conception- causes neural tube defects
what are the symptoms of b12 deficiency
insidious onset mild jaundice and anemia glossitis angular chelitis neuropathy
what can cause folate deficiency
nutritional intestinal haemolysis drugs dialysis alcohol
what is pernicious anaemia
when the immune system attacks healthy cells in your stomach preventing the body from absorbing b12
why is important to check b12 levels before giving folate
Large amounts of folic acid can mask the damaging effects of vitamin B12 deficiency by correcting the megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency without correcting the neurological damage that also occurs
what is von willebrand disease
missing clotting factor
what type of anaemia do you get in kidney failure
normocytic
why might a toddler have iron deficiency anaemia
too much cows milk
