Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

what is normal Hb

A

121-166 g/L

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2
Q

what is normal haematocrit

A

0.36-0.49

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3
Q

what are the signs of anaemia

A
Fatigue
• Weakness
• Pale or yellowish skin
• Irregular heartbeats
• Shortness of breath – worse if underlying respiratory or
cardiac disease
• Dizziness or light-headedness
• Chest pain – worse if underlying arterial disease
• Cold hands and feet
• Headache
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4
Q

how should you initially treat an adult with microcytic hypochromic anaemia

A

ferrous sulphate and refer for more tests

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5
Q

how should you initially treat an adult with megaloblastic anaemia

A

send blood for b12 and folate levels

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6
Q

what type of anaemia would you get due to blood loss

A

normochromic and normocytic (takes a few hours for the plasma to expand in response to blood loss so anaemia is not picked up straight away)

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7
Q

how could you treat normocytic normochromic anaemia

A

transfusion if symptomatic or ferrous sulphate (1000mls of blood loss means loss of 500mg of iron)

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8
Q

what type of blood disorder does alcohol excess cause

A

macrocytosis

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9
Q

what causes normochromic normocytic anaemia

A

acute blood loss
anaemia of chronic disease
anaemia of renal failure

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10
Q

what causes hypochromic microcytic anaemia

A
severe protein deficiency 
sideroblastic anaemia
thalassaemia
chronic inflammation 
iron deficiency
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11
Q

what are the haematinic anaemias

A

iron
b12
folate

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12
Q

what are the causes of macrocytic anaemia

A
• Alcohol		
• Pregnancy	
• Drugs	–	chemotherapy	(an*-folates,	an*-purines)	 															
															an*	HIV	drugs	
• Liver	disease	
• Raised	re*culocyte	count	
• Hypothyroidism	
• Myelodysplasia,	including	acquired	sideroblas*c anaemia
• Aplas*c	anemia	and	red	cell	aplasia	
• Hypoxia	
• Myeloma	and	other	paraproteinaemias
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13
Q

what can cause warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A
idiopathic
SLE
lymphoma
CLL
drugs
teratoma
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14
Q

what can cause cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

ebv
mycoplasma pneumonia
UC

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15
Q

what type of anaemia do you get in beta thalassaemia

A

microcytic

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16
Q

how do you treat thalassaemia

A

blood transfusions
iron chelation
stem cell transplant

17
Q

what are the acute complications of sickle cells disease

A

painful crises
acute chest
stroke

18
Q

how can you classify haemolytic anaemias

A

Congenital:

  • Membrane
  • enzyme
  • haemoglobin

aquired:

  • autoimmune
  • microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
  • drugs, infections, toxins
  • copper
19
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of folate deficiency

A

sensory peripheral neuropathy

pre-conception- causes neural tube defects

20
Q

what are the symptoms of b12 deficiency

A
insidious onset
mild jaundice and anemia
glossitis
angular chelitis
neuropathy
21
Q

what can cause folate deficiency

A
nutritional 
intestinal
haemolysis
drugs
dialysis 
alcohol
22
Q

what is pernicious anaemia

A

when the immune system attacks healthy cells in your stomach preventing the body from absorbing b12

23
Q

why is important to check b12 levels before giving folate

A

Large amounts of folic acid can mask the damaging effects of vitamin B12 deficiency by correcting the megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency without correcting the neurological damage that also occurs

24
Q

what is von willebrand disease

A

missing clotting factor

25
Q

what type of anaemia do you get in kidney failure

A

normocytic

26
Q

why might a toddler have iron deficiency anaemia

A

too much cows milk