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Medicine Unit 8 > Liver And Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

Liver And Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of adipose tissue

A

Mechanical cushioning
Thermal insulation
Energy store
EndocrIne organ

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2
Q

2 types of adipose tissue

A

Brown
White

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3
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Mitochondria
Fat droplets
Develops from muscle cell progenitors

Metabolism generates heat so is important in children because of their high surface area to body mass ratio
No significant levels in adults

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4
Q

White adipose tissue

A

Fewer mitochondria
One single fat droplet
Controlled storage and release of fat

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5
Q

Where are fatty acids stored

A

In all cells
Primarily adipocytes
Stored for future use of triacylglycerols

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6
Q

Triacylglycerols

A

Molecules of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Esterified
Predominantly saturated

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7
Q

Development of fat cell

A

Fibroblast like precursor cells receive hormone signals that trigger differentiation into sdipocytes
Cells alter gene expression pattern and accumulate lipid droplets
As lipids accumulate they. Edge to form mature fat cell (triglyceride droplet and nucleus)
Mature fat cells can’t divide but early stages are reversible

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8
Q

Thrifty genes

A

Permit more efficient food utilisation and fat deposition in times of abundance
Resulting in better survival in times of subsequent famine

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9
Q

Adipocytes in obesity

A
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10
Q

White adipose tissue as an organ

A

Metabolic integration
EndocrIne activity

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11
Q

What does white adipose tissue produce

A

Production of
Steroid hormones: oestrogen from androgens and cortisol from cortisone
Proteins of energy metabolism blood clotting And complement pathway
Cytokines for signalling
Peptide hormones including leptin

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12
Q

Leptin

A

Mutation in ob/ob mice was identified in gene producing protein called leptin
Produced primarily in adipose tissue in proportion of adipose mass
Leptin treatment reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure and reverses obesity in ob/ob mice

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13
Q

Why isn’t leptin an anti obesity drug

A

Leptin administration only effective in individuals who are obese due to leptin deficiency
Most obese people have high leptin concentration but fail to respond normally so have leptin resistance

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14
Q

Hormones secreted by adipocytes

A

Adiponectin
Resistin
TNF
IL6
fatty acids

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15
Q

Leptin function

A

Metabolic rate
Reproduction

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16
Q

Adiponectin function

A

Liver glucose production
Muscle glucose oxidation

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17
Q

Resistin function

A

Promotes insulin resistance

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18
Q

TNF function

A

Impairs insulin signalling

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19
Q

Il 6 function

A

Increases lipolysis
Glucose uptake

20
Q

Fatty acids function

A

Impairs insulin production in pancreas
Sensitivity

21
Q

Role of the CNS in weight regulation

A

2 regions
Lateral hypothalamus.
Ventromedial hypothalamus

22
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Hunger centre
Animals with lesions in this area become anorectic and lose weight

23
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Satiety centre
Animals with lesions in this area overeat and become obese

24
Q

Appetite signals

25
Hormones involved in appetite
NPY AgRP POMC
26
Hormones involved in appetite
NPY AgRP POMC
27
NPY function
Neuropeptide Y – Neurotransmitter (Brain and ANS); INCREASE Food intake (orexigenesis), DECREASE physical activity.
28
AgRP function
Agouti-related peptide – Neuropeptide (Brain); INCREASE Appetite, DECREASE metabolism.
29
POMC function
Pro-opiomelanocortin – Hormone precursor (Pituitary); Regulates MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) which then regulates appetite and sexual behaviour!!
30
Where do hormones regulating appetite act
act at the hypothalamus •leptin and insulin decrease appetite by inhibitory actions on NPY/AgRP neurons. They signal the well-fed state •ghrelin, from the empty stomach, activates NPY/AgRP neurons.
31
Fat fat cells
Promote insulin resistance Trigger low grade chronic inflammation Leads to type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Cardiovascular disease Increased cancer risk
32
Thin fat cells
More benignly regulate metabolic interplay between tissues Release Adiponectin promotes glucose uptake into tissues
33
Major metabolic pathways in the adipocytes
Carbohydrate metabolism
34
Carbohydrate metabolism in the adipocyte in the fed state
Increased glucose transport — Elevated insulin levels in fed state leads to influx of glucose through insulin- sensitive transporter. (2)Increased glycolysis — Increased intracellular glucose results in enhanced glycolysis. Glycolysis supplies glycerol phosphate for triglyceride synthesis. (3)Increased hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP)— Metabolism of glucose through this pathway produces NADPH, which is essential for fat synthesis.
35
Fat metabolism in the fed state in adipocytes
Increased fatty acid synthesis — De novo synthesis from acetyl CoA is a major source of fatty acids in human adipose tissue only when re-feeding after a fast. (6) Decreased triglyceride hydrolysis — Elevated insulin levels favors the dephosphorylated (inactive) state of hormone-sensitive lipase, preventing TG degradation and promoting storage.
36
Carbohydrate metabolism in adipocytes in fasting state
Glucose transport and metabolism are depressed due to low insulin levels. This leads to a decrease in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis
37
Fat metabolism in fasting state of adipocyte
Increased triglyceride hydrolysis — The activation of hormone-sensitive lipase via phosphorylation leads to hydrolysis of stored TG. This activation is enhanced by noradrenaline released from sympathetic nerve endings in adipose tissue. (2)Increased fatty acid release — Fatty acids liberated by TG hydrolysis are released into the circulation and transported to other tissues for use as fuel. The glycerol released by TG hydrolysis is used by liver for gluconeogenesis.
38
Where may fat be stored
Visceral Subcutaneous
39
Visceral fat
Around abdominal organs Particularly problematic Signals sent to liver
40
Subcutaneous fat
Under skin Metabolically less active Less signalling molecules
41
Android
Upper body density More common in men and post menopausal women Risk for diabetes and hypertension Larger fat cells More easily mobilised fat stores
42
Ovoid
Overall obesity Most common in people with genetic predisposition to obesity
43
Gynoid
Lower body density More common in pre menopausal women Fat stores not easily mobilised Harder to lose weight Relatively benign health wise except arthritis and varicose veins
44
Long term body weight regulation
Integration of hormonal metabolic and neural signals
45
BMI calculation
Weight in kg/ height in m2 <18.5 underweight 18.4-24.9 normal 25-29.9 overweight >30 obese

Medicine Unit 8 (24 decks)

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