Liver And Adipose Tissue Flashcards
Functions of adipose tissue
Mechanical cushioning
Thermal insulation
Energy store
EndocrIne organ
2 types of adipose tissue
Brown
White
Brown adipose tissue
Mitochondria
Fat droplets
Develops from muscle cell progenitors
Metabolism generates heat so is important in children because of their high surface area to body mass ratio
No significant levels in adults
White adipose tissue
Fewer mitochondria
One single fat droplet
Controlled storage and release of fat
Where are fatty acids stored
In all cells
Primarily adipocytes
Stored for future use of triacylglycerols
Triacylglycerols
Molecules of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Esterified
Predominantly saturated
Development of fat cell
Fibroblast like precursor cells receive hormone signals that trigger differentiation into sdipocytes
Cells alter gene expression pattern and accumulate lipid droplets
As lipids accumulate they. Edge to form mature fat cell (triglyceride droplet and nucleus)
Mature fat cells can’t divide but early stages are reversible
Thrifty genes
Permit more efficient food utilisation and fat deposition in times of abundance
Resulting in better survival in times of subsequent famine
Adipocytes in obesity
White adipose tissue as an organ
Metabolic integration
EndocrIne activity
What does white adipose tissue produce
Production of
Steroid hormones: oestrogen from androgens and cortisol from cortisone
Proteins of energy metabolism blood clotting And complement pathway
Cytokines for signalling
Peptide hormones including leptin
Leptin
Mutation in ob/ob mice was identified in gene producing protein called leptin
Produced primarily in adipose tissue in proportion of adipose mass
Leptin treatment reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure and reverses obesity in ob/ob mice
Why isn’t leptin an anti obesity drug
Leptin administration only effective in individuals who are obese due to leptin deficiency
Most obese people have high leptin concentration but fail to respond normally so have leptin resistance
Hormones secreted by adipocytes
Adiponectin
Resistin
TNF
IL6
fatty acids
Leptin function
Metabolic rate
Reproduction
Adiponectin function
Liver glucose production
Muscle glucose oxidation
Resistin function
Promotes insulin resistance
TNF function
Impairs insulin signalling