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Medicine Unit 8 > Histology of glands > Flashcards

Histology of glands Flashcards

1
Q

what are glands formed from

A

epithelial tissue

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2
Q

subdivisions of glands

A

endocrine
exocrine

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
thyroid gland

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4
Q

exocrine glands

A

release their substances either directly onto an epithelial surface e.g. goblet cell in the gut
OR via a system of ducts e.g. major salivary glands

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5
Q

how do glands develop

A

from a lining or covering epithelium by invagination into the underlying connective tissue

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6
Q

location of thyroid gland

A

anterior neck with right and left lobes
connected to an isthmus

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7
Q

cell arrangement thyroid glands

A

arranged into spherical structures called follicles
thyroid hormones are stored here
each follicle is lines with single layer of follicular cells which are cuboidal epithelium and surrounded by reticular fibers
vascular capillary netwrok surrounds the follicles for entrance of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream

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8
Q

follicles in thyroid gland

A

structural and function units of the gland
in active follicles the epithelium is cuboidal
less active follies the epithelialcellr appear flattened
all follicles are fixed with colloid

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9
Q

what divides the thyoird gland into lobules

A

connective tissue septa from the capsule of the thyroid gland
they extend into the glands interior and divide the gland

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10
Q

what is found between individual follicles in the thyroid gland

A

small amount of inter follicular connective tissue

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11
Q

what is in the image

A

thyroid gland

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12
Q

colloid in thyroid

A

is composed of thyroglobulin
it is inactive iodinated glycoprotein compound for storage of thyroid hormones
stain pink
by itself doesnt have any hormonal activity

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13
Q

parafollicular cells/ C cells in thyroid

A

pale staining
found peripherally in basal lamina of follicular epithelium or as clusters between follicular cells
secrete calcitonin

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14
Q

calcitonin function

A

inhibit bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity
lowers blood calcium levels

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15
Q

when necessary what do follicular cells do to stored thyroglobulin in thyroid

A

can take up the stored substance
transport it across the epithelium
release thyroid hormones into capillaries surrounding the follicle

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16
Q

what does thyroglobulin contain

A

modified tyrosine amino acids that constitute the thyroid hormones:
thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine,T4) and triiodothyronine T3

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17
Q

label the image

A
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18
Q

principal cells in thyroid

A

line the follicles
simple cuboidal epithelium

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19
Q

what is the pituitary gland controlled by

A

the hypothalamus of the brain
regulatory hormones are transported to the pituitary gland

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20
Q

embryonic origins of the pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

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21
Q

clinical divisions of the pituitary gland

A

anterior lobe
posterior lobe

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22
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A
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23
Q

what does the adenohypophysis contain

A

pars distils
pars tubercles

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24
Q

what does the neurohypophysis contain

A

pars intermedia pars nervosa
infundibulum/ pituitary stalk

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25
where is the neurohypophysis derived from
down growth of nervous tissue from hypothalamus it remains joined by the pituitary stalk
26
what is contained within the posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
hypothalamohyphophyseal tract consisting of axons from neurons whose cell bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
27
where does the anterior pituitary arise from
arises as an epithelial/ectodermal upgrowth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity known as Rathkes pouch
28
describe internal structure of Aden-hypophysis
may contain a cleft or group of cyst like spaces which represent the vestigial lumen of rattles pouch dividing the major part of anterior pituitary form Thun zone of tissue against posterior pituitary known as pars intermedia
29
pars intermedia location
within the Aden-hypophysis but classified as posterior pituitary
30
pars distils
95% forms anterior wall of rattles pouch
31
pars intermedia
forms posterior wall of rathkes pouch with pars nervosa of neurohypophysis
32
pars tuberalis
forms collar of cells around the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis
33
hormones secreted by posterior pituitary
antididiuretic hormone (aka vasopressin) and oxytocin synthesises in the neurone cell bodies of supraoptic nucleus
34
what do ADH hormones act on
act directly on non-endocrine tissues
35
where is ADH specifically made
synthesises in the neurone cell bodies of supraoptic nucleus
36
where is oxytocin specifically made
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
37
how do ADH and oxytocin get to posterior pituitary
bound to glycoproteins they pass down the axons of the hypothalamopituitary tract through the pituitary stalk to posterior pituitary where they are stored in distended terminal parts of axons
38
release of posterior pituitary hormones
controlled directly by nervous impulses passing down the axons from the hypothalamus called neurosecretion
39
neurohypophysis
hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei consist of vasopressin and oxytocin synthesising hormones send projections here
40
where in brain does the pituitary gland sit
in body depression in the sphenoid bone called sella turcica
41
label the image
PP posterior pituitary AP anterior pituitary H hypothalamus P pituitary stalk V third ventricle O optic chiasma
42
pars tuberalis
surrounds the infundibulum
43
infundibulum
connects hypothesis with hypothalamus at base of the brain
44
cell types within the pars distils
chromophobe cells, don't take H&E chromophil cells
45
chromophil cells
subdivided into acidophils (alpha cells) and basophils (beta cells)
46
pars nervosa
consists primarily of unmyelinated axons and supporting pituicytes
47
what surrounds pars distils and pars nervosa
connective tissue capsule
48
what supplies the pars distils and pars nervosa
blood vessels and capillaries
49
label the image
50
what are all of the specific cell types in pituitary
somatotrope mammotrope thyrotrope gondadotrope andrenocorticotrope
51
cell types in pars distalis
somatotrope mammotrope thyrotrope gondadotrope andrenocorticotrope
52
pars tuberalis cell types
gonadotropes only
53
pars intermedia cell types
contain basophils but secretions in humans are unclear although ACTH secretion is possible
54
acidophils
hormone containing granulesin cytoplasm stain with acidic dies e.g. eosiin
55
basophils
hormone containing granules in cytoplasm stain with basic dyes e.g. hematoxylin
56
somatotrope
acidophil secretes GH
57
mammotrope
acidophil secretes prolactin
58
thyrotrope
basophil secretes TSH
59
gonadotrope
basophil secretes FSH/LH
60
adrenocorticotrope
basophil secretes ACTH
61
where are oxytocin and vasopressin stored
in herring bodies in pars nervosa
62
pituicytes
glial cells of posterior pituitary assits in storage and release of neurohypophysial hormones
63
what is in the image
herring bodies
64
location of adrenal gland
superior pole of each kidney surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue capsule and embedded in adipose tissue around kidneys
65
contents of secretory portion of adrenal gland
outer cortex and inner medullar aka mesoderm and neural crest linked buy common blood supply but have distinct origins structures and functions
66
cells in Cortex brief adrenal
steroid secreting
67
cells in medulla of adrenal
chromaffin
68
subdivisions of the adrenal gland
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
69
zona glomerulosa
located immediately beneath capsule cells arranged in round clusters secretes mineralocorticoids, aldosterone
70
zona fasciculata
middle layer, largest cortical zone cells arranged in rows, perpendicular to capsule alternating with wide diameter, fenestrated capillaries secretes glucocorticoids and androgens
71
zona reticularis
forms deepest layer of the cortex cells arranged as anastomosing cords same secretions as zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids and androgens
72
what is the secretion of glucocorticoids controlled by in the adrenal gland
ACTH released from Aden-hypophysis
73
chromaffin cells
synthesise and release epinephrine and norepinephrine
74
image of the adrenal gland
75
label the image of the adrenal gland
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis ZF is middle zone and composed of pale staining cells rich in lipid droplets
76
pancreas location
in the curve of duodenum divided into head body and tail
77
type of gland is the pancreas
exocrine and endocrine
78
exocrine pancreas
produces alkaline secretion containing digestive enzymes empties into the duodenum
79
endocrine pancreas
secretes insulin, glucagon and somatostatin regulate blood glucose levels
80
pancreas connective tissue
thin capsule septa extend from covers larger vessels and ducts separates parenchyma into lobules
81
islets of langerhans
clumped masses of pale staining endocrine cells embedded in exocrine acinar tissue of pancreas
82
predominant cell types in endocrine pancreas
alpha cells beta cells delta cells
83
alpha cells pancreas
secretes glucagon elevates glucose levels in the blood converts glycogen to glucose located peripherally
84
beta cells pancreas
secretes insulin lowers blood glucose levels converts glucose to glycogen most numeras and central
85
delta cell
secretes somatostatin inhibits Hal secretion from parietal cells scattered and less abundant
86
what is in the image
I= islets of langerhans C= fibrocollagenous capsule
87
exocrine pancreas detail
compound acinar gland acinar cells secrete numerous digestive enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids ducts begin as centroacinar cells located in acini intercalated ducts and interlobular ducts
88
intercalated ducts
lined with low simple squamous epithelium that secrete HCO3
89
interlobular ducts
lead into one or more excretory ducts empty into the duodenum
90
relevance of HCO3 secretion
to neutralises acidity of chyme entering duodenum
91
what is each acinus drained by
short intercalated duct of simple squamous or low cuboidal epithelium initial cells of these small ducts extend into the lumen of acinus as small pale staining centroacinar cells unique to pancreas
92
exocrine pancreas image
intercalated ducts merge with interlobular and larger interlobular before joining main pancreatic duct
93
cortex summary
94
medulla summary
95
pancreas summary
96
thyroid gland summary
97
parathyroid gland summary
98
exocrine glands and ducts
secretory products released onto and external or internal epithelial surface either directly via a duct or a duct system classified into unicellular such as goblet cell or multicellular glands
99
multicellular glands classification
based on presence of tubule and acini presence configuration of the duct if it is simple or compound
100
examples of simple glands
simple tubular simple coiled simple branched tubular simple alveolar (acinar) simple branched alveolar
101
examples of compound glands
compound tubular compound alveolar (acinar) compound tubuloalveolar
102
simple tubular
no duct
103
simple coiled tubular
104
simple branched tubular
105
simple alveolar
106
simple branched alveolar
107
compound tubular
108
compound alveolar
109
compound tubuloalveolar
110
different types of cell secretions
merocrine apocrine holocrine
111
merocrine
Secretory product is released by exocytosis of contents contained within membrane-bound vesicles. E.g., pancreatic and parotid gland secretions.
112
apocrine
Secretory material is released in an intact vesicle along with some cytoplasm from the apical region of the cell. E.g., mammary gland secretions.
113
holocrine
Entire cell is released during the secretory process. E.g., sebaceous glands.
114
salivary glands
parotid submandibular sublingual
115
duct system
116
serous acinus
basally located round nucleus
117
mucous acinus
basally located flat nucleus
118
serous demilune
half moon shaped serous cells at distal end of mucous secretory unit of mixed salivary glands (submandibular or sublingual)
119
my-epithelial cells
cells that contract to release secretion from acini to duct
120
parotid duct system
serous only
121
type of duct system submandibular and sublingual
mixed glands with serous demilunes as processes of my-epithelial cells contract they compress acinus and facilitate release of secretary product into gland duct
122
pattern of the duct system
secretary intercalated striated interlobular lobar main duct
123
lining of intercalated ducts
simple squamous to cuboidal
124
lining of striated ducts
simple cuboidal to columnar
125
lining of interlobular ducts
formed by anastomosis of striated ducts and have epithelia from simple columnar to stratified columnar
126
excretory duct lining
stratified epithelium becomes stratified squamous prior to junction with epithelium of oral cavity
127
parotid gland
128
what is in the image
parotid gland T= septa Ac= acini SD= striated ducts
129
secretion from parotid gland
Serous in nature. Thin, watery, protein secretion. Nucleus is round and basally located.
130
submandibular gland
131
secretion from submandibular gland
The submandibular salivary gland secretes a mixed serous/mucous product. Mucus. Thick, viscous, glycoprotein secretion. Nucleus is flattened and located in the base of the cell.
132
submandibular ducts
133
what is in the image
134
label the image
SAc – Serous acini SeD – Serous demilunes MA – mucous tubules SD – Striated duct

Medicine Unit 8 (24 decks)

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