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Medicine Unit 8 > Diet and metabolism > Flashcards

Diet and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition definition

A

scientific study of the sum of the processes concerned with growth maintenance and repair of the living body

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2
Q

nutrients definition

A

components of food which have recognisable functions in the body

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3
Q

essential nutrients definition n

A

can’t be made by the body
water

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4
Q

conditionally essential nutrients

A

when the body is unable to synthesise enough to meet normal metabolic demand
e.g. disease induced deficiency

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5
Q

chemical strucure of food affects what

A

the way nutrients are handled in the body

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6
Q

glycaemic index

A

how quickly a carbohydrate containing food causes an increase in blood glucose

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7
Q

what can carbohydrates be

A

high or low GI index

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8
Q

high GI index example

A

simple carbohydrate such as glucose solution

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9
Q

low GI index example

A

complex carbs e.g. starch
takes longer to release individual glucose molecules

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10
Q

factors affecting how quickly carbohydrates from food are released into the blood stream

A

how refined carbohydrate is: processed CHO has fibre removed so broken down more rapidly
physical structure: wheat has fine particles giving increased surface area
how carbohydrate is cooked: increased cooking increases GI of pasta, al dente has lower GI

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11
Q

which factors slow down digestive enzymes and speed of digestion

A

fibre protects starch from digestive enzymes or the speed of digestion
fat and/or acid delays gastric emptying and slows breakdown of carbohydrate and absorption of glucose

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12
Q

graph displaying GI breakdown time

A
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13
Q

factors affecting obesity

A

lack of information about what constitutes a healthy diet, including portion sizes
motivation to adhere to healthy diet
calorie rich fast food is cheap and easily available, healthy options are often expensive
takes time and planning to prepare healthy meals and life is bus y

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14
Q

childhood obesity as an emerging problem

A

overweight child often becomes obese adult
develops health issues as a consequence

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15
Q

malnutrition and ill health spiral

A
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16
Q

what does the body do with its nutrients

A

catabolism
anabolism

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17
Q

catabolism definition

A

breakdown of complex molecules to release energy

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18
Q

anabolism definition

A

use of energy to construct molecules

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19
Q

what is metabolism composed of

A

catabolism and anabolism

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20
Q

catabolism

A
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21
Q

anabolism

A
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22
Q

stored glucose

A

glycogen

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23
Q

glucose as energy

A

pyruvate

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24
Q

glucose conversion

A

ribose 5-phosphate

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25
Q

glucose to glycogen

A

stored in the muscle and liver
anabolic

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26
Q

glycolysis

A

1 molecule of glucose to 2 pyruvate
pyruvate enters citric acid cycle to provide further energy
pyruvate also able to enter other pathways

27
Q

ribose-5-phosphate

A

nucleotide precursor via anabolic pathway
generated by pentose phosphate pathway
releases energy

28
Q

phosphorylation of glucose

A

by glucokinase
and one molecule of ATP
forms glucose 6 phosphate which is common to all pathways of carb metabolism in liver

29
Q

lactate from anaerobic metabolism

A

can be utilised by converting to pyruvate
then to glucose
via cori cycle

30
Q

potential uses of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver

A

release as blood glucose for transport and used elsewhere
stored as glycogen
produced energy in citric acid cycle
conversion to something else via pyruvate and acetyl co enzyme A
conversation to something else via ribose 5 phosphate

31
Q

conversion to something else via pyruvate and acetyl co enzyme A, liver metabolism

A

cholesterol (steroid hormones, bile, fat soluble vitamins)
free fatty acids (alternative mitochondrial energy supply)
triacylglycerol and phospholipids (fat=energy storage)

32
Q

conversion to something else using ribose-5-phosphate carb metabolism liver

A

nucleotides for RNA/DNA/ATP

33
Q

carbohydrate metabolism in the liver basic concept

A

catabolic hormones: glucagon and adrenaline
work to oppose
anabolic hormone: insulin

34
Q

what does insulin promote in carbohydrate metabolism in the liver

A

glycogen synthesis
glucose metabolism
storage of fatty acids in the adipose tissue, adipogenesis

35
Q

what does insulin inhibit carbohydrate metabolism in the liver

A

glycogen breakdown
gluconeogenesis, don’t need extra glucose in fed stated

36
Q

what does glucagon/adrenaline promote carbohydrate metabolism in the liver

A

glycogen breakdown
gluconeogenesis, do need extra glucose if fasted/stress

37
Q

GLUT2 glucose transport protein function

A

facilitates uptake of glucose by liver

38
Q

glucose metabolism after an overnight Fast basic

A

anabolism off
catabolism on

39
Q

mechanism of glucose metabolism after and overnight fast

A

gluconeogenesis promoted by high glucagon
kidney also able to contribute to gluconeogenesis
most glucose used by brain as in short supply
other tissues used alternative substrates e.g. fatty acids and ketones in presence of low insulin

40
Q

glucose metabolism in the Fed state basic

A

anabolism on
catabolism off

41
Q

mechanism of glucose metabolism in the Fed state

A

high insulin : glucagon
brain continues to use glucose but other tissues switch to using glucose for metabolism and storage following uptake of glucose from small intestine and release of insulin from pancreas

42
Q

muscle in fed state

A

glucose metabolism and glycogen storage

43
Q

adipose in the fed state

A

glucose take up and stored as fat

44
Q

liver in Fed state

A

glycogen storage promoted and gluocneogenesis suppressed

45
Q

potential uses of fat metabolism in the liver

A

storage in adipose tissue
energy production
ketone bodies
cholesterol

46
Q

energy production fat metabolism in liver

A

beta oxidation to acetyl co enzyme A via citric acid cycle
conversion to something else via acetyl co enzyme A

47
Q

ketone bodies fat metabolism in liver

A

gluconeogenesis by product
used as fuel

48
Q

release of fat metabolism in liver mechanism

A

released as
plasma lipoproteins e.g. VLDL or HDL
free fatty acids

49
Q

fat metabolism in the liver

A

without insulin fatty acid entry into the mitochondria and ketone body synthesis are unrestricted

beneficial as allows body to function in absence of glucose
detrimental in type 1 diabetes as leads to diabetic ketoacidosis DKA

50
Q

what is cholesterol

A

waxy
fat like substance
travels through blood on proteins called lipoproteins

51
Q

2 sources of cholesterol

A

It’s made by your body and used to make hormones and digest fatty foods.
It’s found in foods – Eg, egg yolks, fatty meats, and “regular” cheese.

52
Q

what happens when boy has too much cholesterol

A

When your body has too much cholesterol, it can build up on the walls of your blood vessels. These deposits are called plaque.

As your blood vessels build up plaque deposits over time, the inside of the vessels
narrow and allows less blood to flow through to your heart and other organs.

When plaque build up totally blocks a coronary artery carrying blood to the heart, it causes a heart attack.

53
Q

other than narrowing of arteries due to plaque how else may a heart attack occur

A

Another cause of heart attack is when a plaque deposit bursts and releases a clot in
a coronary artery.

54
Q

cause of angina

A

Angina is caused by plaque partially blocking a coronary artery, reducing blood flow to the heart and causing chest pain.

55
Q

facts about cholesterol

A

doesn’t dissolve well in blood
attaches itself to the fatty proteins to circulate through the body

56
Q

when talking about specific cholesterol types what does that mean

A

different types of proteins that carry cholesterol in the bloodstream

57
Q

HDL, high-density lipoprotein

A

tightly bound to cholesterol
won’t let it get loose to attach to arterial walls
may pick up cholesterol attached to wall
reduces deposit side
keeps cholesterol in solution
moves it safely

GOOD cholesterol

58
Q

LDL, low-density lipoprotein

A

deposits cholesterol on walls of arteries
becomes oxidised and damages lining of arteries
allowing mineral and fat deposits

59
Q

triglycerides

A

type of blood lipid often misunderstood as cholesterol type

60
Q

fat metabolism in the fasted state

A

low insulin means anabolism off and catabolism on
lipolysis occurs

stored fat (TAG, triacyclglycerol) broken into 2 components

61
Q

breakdown of TAG

A

NEFA= FFA used as energy by muscle, liver and kidneys
also to ketone bodies and some back to TAG
glycerol used by liver for TAG production, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

62
Q

fat metabolism in the Fed state

A

fat absorbed from the small intestine is packaged in TG rich particles (chylomicrons) transported via lymphatic
activation of lipoprotein lipase LPL in adipose tissue and muscle released NEFA or FFA, can be taken up and stored as TAG

63
Q

protein metabolism basics

A

Proteins contain a combination of Sulphur and Nitrogen in addition to Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (unlike Carbohydrate and Fat)
Proteins are large molecules, broken down to their constituent amino acids during digestion

64
Q

potential uses of liver amino acids

A
  1. Synthesis of Liver / Plasma Proteins (Albumin, Globulins, Coagulation)
  2. Released via blood for Tissue Protein synthesis
  3. Conversion to something else (Nucleotides, Hormones, Porphyrins)
  4. Catabolism via Urea/Ornithine Cycle – generates Urea and Ammonia
    Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA as intermediate steps for
    a. Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen storage
    b. Energy production
    c. Fatty acid synthesis
  5. Alanine from muscle converted into Pyruvate and used for energy via the Citric acid cycle or used for gluconeogenesis

Medicine Unit 8 (24 decks)

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