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Medicine Unit 8 > Diet and metabolism > Flashcards

Diet and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition definition

A

scientific study of the sum of the processes concerned with growth maintenance and repair of the living body

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2
Q

nutrients definition

A

components of food which have recognisable functions in the body

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3
Q

essential nutrients definition n

A

can’t be made by the body
water

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4
Q

conditionally essential nutrients

A

when the body is unable to synthesise enough to meet normal metabolic demand
e.g. disease induced deficiency

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5
Q

chemical strucure of food affects what

A

the way nutrients are handled in the body

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6
Q

glycaemic index

A

how quickly a carbohydrate containing food causes an increase in blood glucose

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7
Q

what can carbohydrates be

A

high or low GI index

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8
Q

high GI index example

A

simple carbohydrate such as glucose solution

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9
Q

low GI index example

A

complex carbs e.g. starch
takes longer to release individual glucose molecules

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10
Q

factors affecting how quickly carbohydrates from food are released into the blood stream

A

how refined carbohydrate is: processed CHO has fibre removed so broken down more rapidly
physical structure: wheat has fine particles giving increased surface area
how carbohydrate is cooked: increased cooking increases GI of pasta, al dente has lower GI

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11
Q

which factors slow down digestive enzymes and speed of digestion

A

fibre protects starch from digestive enzymes or the speed of digestion
fat and/or acid delays gastric emptying and slows breakdown of carbohydrate and absorption of glucose

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12
Q

graph displaying GI breakdown time

A
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13
Q

factors affecting obesity

A

lack of information about what constitutes a healthy diet, including portion sizes
motivation to adhere to healthy diet
calorie rich fast food is cheap and easily available, healthy options are often expensive
takes time and planning to prepare healthy meals and life is bus y

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14
Q

childhood obesity as an emerging problem

A

overweight child often becomes obese adult
develops health issues as a consequence

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15
Q

malnutrition and ill health spiral

A
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16
Q

what does the body do with its nutrients

A

catabolism
anabolism

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17
Q

catabolism definition

A

breakdown of complex molecules to release energy

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18
Q

anabolism definition

A

use of energy to construct molecules

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19
Q

what is metabolism composed of

A

catabolism and anabolism

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20
Q

catabolism

A
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21
Q

anabolism

A
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22
Q

stored glucose

A

glycogen

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23
Q

glucose as energy

A

pyruvate

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24
Q

glucose conversion

A

ribose 5-phosphate

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25
glucose to glycogen
stored in the muscle and liver anabolic
26
glycolysis
1 molecule of glucose to 2 pyruvate pyruvate enters citric acid cycle to provide further energy pyruvate also able to enter other pathways
27
ribose-5-phosphate
nucleotide precursor via anabolic pathway generated by pentose phosphate pathway releases energy
28
phosphorylation of glucose
by glucokinase and one molecule of ATP forms glucose 6 phosphate which is common to all pathways of carb metabolism in liver
29
lactate from anaerobic metabolism
can be utilised by converting to pyruvate then to glucose via cori cycle
30
potential uses of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver
release as blood glucose for transport and used elsewhere stored as glycogen produced energy in citric acid cycle conversion to something else via pyruvate and acetyl co enzyme A conversation to something else via ribose 5 phosphate
31
conversion to something else via pyruvate and acetyl co enzyme A, liver metabolism
cholesterol (steroid hormones, bile, fat soluble vitamins) free fatty acids (alternative mitochondrial energy supply) triacylglycerol and phospholipids (fat=energy storage)
32
conversion to something else using ribose-5-phosphate carb metabolism liver
nucleotides for RNA/DNA/ATP
33
carbohydrate metabolism in the liver basic concept
catabolic hormones: glucagon and adrenaline work to oppose anabolic hormone: insulin
34
what does insulin promote in carbohydrate metabolism in the liver
glycogen synthesis glucose metabolism storage of fatty acids in the adipose tissue, adipogenesis
35
what does insulin inhibit carbohydrate metabolism in the liver
glycogen breakdown gluconeogenesis, don't need extra glucose in fed stated
36
what does glucagon/adrenaline promote carbohydrate metabolism in the liver
glycogen breakdown gluconeogenesis, do need extra glucose if fasted/stress
37
GLUT2 glucose transport protein function
facilitates uptake of glucose by liver
38
glucose metabolism after an overnight Fast basic
anabolism off catabolism on
39
mechanism of glucose metabolism after and overnight fast
gluconeogenesis promoted by high glucagon kidney also able to contribute to gluconeogenesis most glucose used by brain as in short supply other tissues used alternative substrates e.g. fatty acids and ketones in presence of low insulin
40
glucose metabolism in the Fed state basic
anabolism on catabolism off
41
mechanism of glucose metabolism in the Fed state
high insulin : glucagon brain continues to use glucose but other tissues switch to using glucose for metabolism and storage following uptake of glucose from small intestine and release of insulin from pancreas
42
muscle in fed state
glucose metabolism and glycogen storage
43
adipose in the fed state
glucose take up and stored as fat
44
liver in Fed state
glycogen storage promoted and gluocneogenesis suppressed
45
potential uses of fat metabolism in the liver
storage in adipose tissue energy production ketone bodies cholesterol
46
energy production fat metabolism in liver
beta oxidation to acetyl co enzyme A via citric acid cycle conversion to something else via acetyl co enzyme A
47
ketone bodies fat metabolism in liver
gluconeogenesis by product used as fuel
48
release of fat metabolism in liver mechanism
released as plasma lipoproteins e.g. VLDL or HDL free fatty acids
49
fat metabolism in the liver
without insulin fatty acid entry into the mitochondria and ketone body synthesis are unrestricted beneficial as allows body to function in absence of glucose detrimental in type 1 diabetes as leads to diabetic ketoacidosis DKA
50
what is cholesterol
waxy fat like substance travels through blood on proteins called lipoproteins
51
2 sources of cholesterol
It's made by your body and used to make hormones and digest fatty foods. It's found in foods – Eg, egg yolks, fatty meats, and “regular” cheese.
52
what happens when boy has too much cholesterol
When your body has too much cholesterol, it can build up on the walls of your blood vessels. These deposits are called plaque. As your blood vessels build up plaque deposits over time, the inside of the vessels narrow and allows less blood to flow through to your heart and other organs. When plaque build up totally blocks a coronary artery carrying blood to the heart, it causes a heart attack.
53
other than narrowing of arteries due to plaque how else may a heart attack occur
Another cause of heart attack is when a plaque deposit bursts and releases a clot in a coronary artery.
54
cause of angina
Angina is caused by plaque partially blocking a coronary artery, reducing blood flow to the heart and causing chest pain.
55
facts about cholesterol
doesn't dissolve well in blood attaches itself to the fatty proteins to circulate through the body
56
when talking about specific cholesterol types what does that mean
different types of proteins that carry cholesterol in the bloodstream
57
HDL, high-density lipoprotein
tightly bound to cholesterol won't let it get loose to attach to arterial walls may pick up cholesterol attached to wall reduces deposit side keeps cholesterol in solution moves it safely GOOD cholesterol
58
LDL, low-density lipoprotein
deposits cholesterol on walls of arteries becomes oxidised and damages lining of arteries allowing mineral and fat deposits
59
triglycerides
type of blood lipid often misunderstood as cholesterol type
60
fat metabolism in the fasted state
low insulin means anabolism off and catabolism on lipolysis occurs stored fat (TAG, triacyclglycerol) broken into 2 components
61
breakdown of TAG
NEFA= FFA used as energy by muscle, liver and kidneys also to ketone bodies and some back to TAG glycerol used by liver for TAG production, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
62
fat metabolism in the Fed state
fat absorbed from the small intestine is packaged in TG rich particles (chylomicrons) transported via lymphatic activation of lipoprotein lipase LPL in adipose tissue and muscle released NEFA or FFA, can be taken up and stored as TAG
63
protein metabolism basics
Proteins contain a combination of Sulphur and Nitrogen in addition to Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (unlike Carbohydrate and Fat) Proteins are large molecules, broken down to their constituent amino acids during digestion
64
potential uses of liver amino acids
1. Synthesis of Liver / Plasma Proteins (Albumin, Globulins, Coagulation) 2. Released via blood for Tissue Protein synthesis 3. Conversion to something else (Nucleotides, Hormones, Porphyrins) 4. Catabolism via Urea/Ornithine Cycle – generates Urea and Ammonia Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA as intermediate steps for a. Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen storage b. Energy production c. Fatty acid synthesis 5. Alanine from muscle converted into Pyruvate and used for energy via the Citric acid cycle or used for gluconeogenesis

Medicine Unit 8 (24 decks)

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