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Medicine Unit 8 > Histology of the renal system > Flashcards

Histology of the renal system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

pathway of urinary system

A

urine produced in kidneys
flows down utters to bladder where it is stored
until voided by urethra

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3
Q

which parts of urinary tract are retroperitoneal

A

kidneys
ureters

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4
Q

where is urinary bladder located

A

anterior part of the pelvis

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5
Q

blood supply to the kidney

A

renal arteries
arise from the aorta

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6
Q

venous drainage of kidney

A

renal veins
to the inferior vena cava

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7
Q

kidney filtration rate

A

filter the entire blood supply of the individual every 5 minutes

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8
Q

urine formation rate

A

1mL urine per minute

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9
Q

what is removed from blood for urine formation

A

urea
other toxins

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10
Q

what is conserved in the blood in urine production

A

water
salts
glucose
proteins

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11
Q

kidney anatomy

A

retroperitoneal organ
covered by thin fibrous capsule
outer renal cortex (darker)
and inner renal medulla
concave medial border (hilum) for structures entering and exiting
10-12 cm

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12
Q

location of the kidney

A

between T12 and L3

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13
Q

where do nephrons arise form in kidney

A

cortex
loop down the medulla and return to the cortex
ten drain into the collecting ducts
descend again into the medulla to discharge urine from apex of medullary pyramid

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14
Q

medullary pyramid

A

cone shaped

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15
Q

renal papilla

A

apical part of the medullary pyramid
enveloped by funnel shaped pelvis
represents the dilated proximal part of ureter
surrounded by branch of renal pelvis called calyx

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16
Q

how many lobes in kidney

A

10-18

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17
Q

how many lobes in kidney

A

w10-18

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18
Q

how many lobes in kidney

A

w10-18

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19
Q

what is the whole urinary collecting system in the kidney described as

A

pelvicalyceal system

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20
Q

renal sinus

A

space between branches of pelvvicalyceal system
filled with fatty supporting tissue

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21
Q

what is the kidney covered in

A

capsule
thick layer of perinephric fat
to protect against trauma

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22
Q

major calyx

A

minor calyx collects urine from papilla
they join in renal sinus to form major calyx
that then forms Renal pelvis

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23
Q

functions of the kidney

A

regulation of balance between water and electrolytes and the acid base balance
excretion of metabolic wastes with excess water and electrolytes in the urine
excretion of many bioactive substances including many drugs
secretion of renin, for blood pressure regulation
secretion of erythropoietin, stimulating erythrocyte production in red marrow when blood o2 level is low
conversion of steroid pro hormone vitamin D initially produced in the skin to active form calcitriol

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24
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney

A

urineferous tubule

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25
composition of urineferous tubule
nephron and collecting tubule
26
divisions of the nephron
renal corpuscle proximal tubule loop of hence distal tubule connecting tubule
27
renal corpuscle
initial dilated part comprised of capsule of bowman and glomerulus always in the cortex
28
proximal tube
long convoluted part located in the cortex shorter straight part that enters the medulla
29
loop of henle
in the medulla thin descending and thin and thick ascending
30
distal tubule
consisting of thick straight part ascending rom the loop of henle back into the Cortex convoluted part completely in the cortex
31
connecting tubule
short minor part linking nephron to collecting ducts reabsorption of water takes place
32
label the functional unit of the kidney
33
uniniferous tubule
nephron and collecting tubule/duct
34
cell type proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal with microvilli
35
cell type distal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal wider lumen no microvilli
36
thick loop cell type
simple cuboidal
37
thin loop cell type
simple squamous
38
collecting tubule cell type
simple cuboidal to columnar
39
2 types of nephrons
cortical juxtamedullary
40
cortical nephrons
upper cortex of the kidney
41
juxtamedullary cortex
near the junction of the cortex and medullar of the kidney have long loops of henle
42
what is renal corpuscle composed of
glomerular capillaries and Bowmans capsule
43
image of renal corpuscle
44
what are podocytes
modified epithelial cells assist in filtration
45
what is the glomerular filter
filtration barrier (between blood in glomerular capillary and space of Bowmans capsule)
46
3 parts of the glomerular filter
fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary thick fused basal laminae of podocytes (visceral layer of BC) and glomerular endothelial cells (restrict large proteins) slit diaphragms between pedicles of visceral layer of epithelium to restrict small proteins
47
image of the glomerular filter
48
when is filtrate produced in the corpuscle
when blood plasma is forced under pressure through capillary fenestrations across filtration membrane or GBM surrounding the capillary through filtration slit diaphragms located between podocyte pedicles
49
glomerular filtration barrier, specialisation
displays high conductance to small and midsized solutes in plasma retains relative impermeabiliy oto macromolecules
50
label the image, what is it
renal corpuscle PCT – Stained darker than DCT Lumen of DCT is wider than PCT Nucleus is more prominent in DCT than PCT CD – cells are more columnar than DCT and PCT (cuboidal) Water reabsorption takes place in CD under the influence of ADH
51
ADH action in distal convoluted tubule
secreted by posterior pituitary acts on last part of DCT increase permeability of the tubule permits absorption of water to produce more concentrated urine in permanent absence of ADH vast quantities of diet urine are formed because of failure of water reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts
52
renal corpuscle summary
PL – parietal layer of BC CS – capsular space G - Glomerulus Visceral layer of BC you can’t see. Why? Between PCT and DCT, which one has wider lumen? MD – macula densa
53
juxtaglomerular apparatus
located at the vascular pole where you have afferent and efferent arterioles have macula dense cells and juxtaglomerular cells
54
macula densa cells
chemoreceptors Cluster of modified cells in the wall of DCT adjacent to the juxtaglomerular cells. They monitor sodium concentration.
55
juxtaglomerular cells
Modified smooth muscle cells in wall of an afferent arteriole. They release renin to regulate blood pressure.
56
mesangial cells
remove trapped residues and aggregated protein from the basement membrane thus keeping the filter free of debris.
57
2 groups of mesangial cells
smooth muscle origin extraglomerular mesangial cells pericyte-like intraglomerular mesangial cells
58
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
located at vascular pole
59
pericyte-like intraglomerular mesangial cells
within the renal corpuscle
60
blood pressure regulation is controlled by what
RAAS system
61
RAAS system
62
juxtaglomerular apparatus
specialisation of glomerular afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule of same nephron involved in RAAS made up of: 1. macula densa 2. juxtaglomerular cells of AA 3. extraglomerular mesangial cells (help remove debris)
63
what are cells of macula densa sensitive to
concentration of sodium ions in fluid in DCT decrease in systemic blood pressure results in decreased production of glomerular filtrate and hence decreased concentration of sodium ions in distal tubular fluid
64
label the Renal cortex
P – PCT D – DCT G – Glomerulus U – Urinary space/capsular TP – Tubular pole
65
why do simple cuboidal cells of distal tubules differ from proximal tubules
smaller no brush border more empty lumens flatter more nucleus typically seen in sections of distal than proximal
66
what is in the image and label
medulla HT – Thick Loop of Henle HL – Think Loop of Henle IC – Interstitial cells CD – Collecting duct VR – Vasa recta
67
direction of tubules, ducts and vessels in medulla
towards papillary tip
68
what is in the image and label
69
lumen of ureter
longitudinal mucosal folds formed by lmucusla contractions
70
wall of ureter
mucosa muscularis adventitia
71
ureter mucosa
transitional epithelium wide lamina propria
72
layers of transitional epithelium in ureter
outermost is characterised by large cuboidal cells intermediate cells are polyhedral in shape basal cells are low columnar or cuboidal
73
lamina propria ureter
fibroelastic connective tissue denser more fibroblasts under epithelium looser nearer muscularis
74
muscular layers in upper ureter
inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer middle circular smooth muscle layers not always distinct
75
muscular layers in lower ureter
inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer middle circular smooth muscle layers additional third outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
76
what are the ureters
muscular tubes that carry irine form the kidneys to the bladder
77
urinary bladder
78
in bladder what does the interstitial connective tissue merge with
connective tissue of serosa
79
what lines the surface of the bladder
serosa for superior surface adventitia for inferior surface which merges with connective tissue of adjacent structures
80
mucosa of empty bladder
mucosal folds disappear during bladder distention
81
what is mesothelium
highly specialised epithelia that protects underlying tissues from mechanism stress and seal them from overlying fluid space
82
urinary bladder
superficial are low cuboidal or columnar, appear dome shaped some may be binucleate outer plasma membrane is prominent deeper cells are round basal cells more columnar superficial LP contains connective tissue fibers, numeros fibroblasts and blood vessels
83
renal tubule summary
84
how do you differentiate from collecting tubular and loop of henle
medulla displays simple cuboidal of Ct simple squamous of HL endothelial cells of vasa recta
85
label image

Medicine Unit 8 (24 decks)

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