Liver Flashcards
The liver is covered by the
Glisson capsule
In early embryonic life, the liver is responsible for
hemopoiesis
The medial segment of the left lobe may also be referred to as the
quadrate lobe
Typical diameter of the MPV
less than mm
Normal flow within the portal veins should be
hepatopetal and monophasic
Portal vein branches into
right portal, left portal
Right portal branches into
anterior and posterior branches
Left portal branches into
medial and lateral branches
Portal veins have _____ wall compared to the hepatic veins
brighter
Right umbilical vein turns into
ligamentum venosum
The left umbilical vein turns into
ligamentum teres/round ligament
Tonguelike extension of the right hepatic lobe
riedel lobe
Hepatomegaly is a liver that measure more than
cm
Findings of diffuse fatty liver disease
diffuse echogenic liver, increased attenuation of the sound beam, wall of the hepatic vasculature and diaphragm will not be easily seen
Findings of focal fatty infiltration
hyperechoic area adjacent to the gallbladder, near the porta hepatis, or part of a lobe may appear echogenic
Findings of focal fatty sparing
Hypoechoic area adjacent to the gallbladder, near the porta hepatis, or part of the lobe, can appear much like pericholecystic fluid when identified adjacent to the gallbladder
Spread by fecak-oral route in contaminated water or food
hep a
Spread by contact with contaminated body fluids, mother to infant or inadvertent blood contact (IV, needles)
hep b
Spread by means of contact with blood and body fluids
hep c
Results from excessive copper accumulation
wilson disease
Results from excessive iron
hemochromatosis
What is the possible pathway of disease
alcoholism, hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, portal vein thrombosis, HCC
When you suspect cirrhosis, always look for signs of
portal hypertension, portal vein thrombosis, HCC
What should you look closely at if you suspect cirrhosis and why
left portal vein for recanalization of the paraumbilical vein
Multiple serpiginous or tortuous vessels in the porta hepatis
cavernous transformation
Occlusion of the hepatic veins and possible IVC
budd-chiari syndrome
Hepatic candidiasis masses can be referred to as
target, halo or bulls eye lesions
Most common benign liver mass and often found in the right hepatic lobe
cavernous hemangioma
Referred to as the stealth lesion
focal nodular hyperplasia
Most common primary form of liver cancer
HCC
What is the tumor marker for HCC
AFP
What is the most common vascular complication of a liver transplant
hepatic artery thrombosis
Most common benign liver childhood tumor
infantile hemangioendothelioma
Most common malignant tumor of childhood
hepatoblastoma
Children with _______ are often screened with sonography in order for early detection of hepatoblastomas
beckwith-weidemann syndrome
an abscess that develops from a parasite that
grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal vein
amebic hepatic abscess
anastomosis
the surgical connection between two structures
caput medusa
recognizable dilation of the superficial veins of the
abdomen
cirrhosis
condition defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis and necrosis of
the liver, and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules
cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder linked with the development of scar tissue
accumulation within the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and/or intestines
diaphragmatic slip
a pseudomass of the liver seen on sonography
resulting from hypertrophied diaphragmatic muscle bundles
hemopoiesis
the formation and development of blood cells
hepatic candidiasis
a hepatic mass that results from the spread of fungus
in the blood to the liver
hepatic encephalopathy
a condition in which a patient becomes confused
or suffers from intermittent loss of consciousness secondary to the
overexposure of the brain to toxic chemicals that the liver would normally
remove from the body
hepatoma
the malignant tumor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
hydatid liver cyst
a liver cyst that develops from a tapeworm that lives in
dog feces; also referred to as an echinococcal cyst because it originates from
the parasite Echinococcus granulosus
hypovolemia
decreased blood volume
kernicterus
brain damage from bilirubin exposure in a newborn with
jaundice
kupffer cells
specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf
pathogens and damaged cells
mass effect
the displacement or alteration of normal anatomy that is
located adjacent to a tumor
periportal cuffing
an increase in the echogenicity of the portal triads as
seen in hepatitis and other conditions
sequela
an illness resulting from another disease, trauma, or injury
steatohepatitis
a type of fatty liver disease that causes inflammation of the
liver
total parental hyperalimentation
procedure in which an individual
receives vitamin and nutrients through a vein, often the subclavian vein
von gierke disease
condition in which the body does not have the ability
to break down glycogen; also referred to as glycogen storage disease type 1
von hippel lindau disease
a inherited disease that includes the
development of cysts within the liver, pancreas, and other organs
wilson disease
a congenital disorder that causes the body to accumulate
excess copper
Which of the following benign liver masses is typically isoechoic and
contains a central scar?
A. hepatoblastoma
B. cavernous hemangioma
C. hamartoma
D. focal nodular hyperplasia
D
The covering of the liver is referred to as:
A. Glisson capsule
B. Gerota fascia
C. Morison pouch
D. hepatic fascia
A
The left lobe of the liver can be separated from the right lobe by the:
A. Right hepatic vein
B. Middle heaptic vein
C. left hepatic vein
D. falciform ligament
B
The TIPS shunt is placed
A. Between the main hepatic artery and main portal vein
B. Between a portal vein and hepatic vein
C. Between the common hepatic duct and common bile duct
D. Between a portal vein and hepatic artery
B
The right lobe of the liver is divided into segments by the:
A. middle lobar fissure
B. middle hepatic vein
C. right hepatic vein
D. left hepatic vein
C
The right intersegmental fissure contains the:
A. right hepatic vein
B. middle hepatic vein
C. left portal vein
D. right portal vein
A
The main portal vein divides into:
A. middle, left, and right branches
B. left and right branches
C. anterior and posterior branches
D. medial and lateral branches
B
The ligamentum teres can be used to separate the:
A. Medial and lateral segments of the left lobe
B. Medial and posterior segments of the right lobe
C. Anterior and medial segments of the left lobe
D. Anterior and posterior segments of the right lobe
A
The main lobar fissure contains the:
A. right hepatic vein
B. middle hepatic vein
C. main portal vein
D. right portal vein
B
All of the following are located within the porta hepatis except:
A. main portal vein
B. common bile duct
C. hepatic artery
D. middle hepatic vein
D
Right-sided heart failure often leads to enlargement of the:
A. abdominal aorta
B. IVC and hepatic veins
C. IVC and portal veins
D. portal veins and spleen
B
Which of the following is typically transmitted through contaminated
water found in places such as Mexico, Central America, South America,
Asia, India, and Africa?
A. amebic liver abscess
B. hydatid liver cyst
C. candidiasis
D. hepatoma
A
The right portal vein divides into
A. middle, left, and right branches
B. left and right branches
C. anterior and posterior branches
D. medial and lateral branches
C
The diameter of the portal vein should not exceed:
A. 4mm
B. 8mm
C. 10mm
D. 13mm
D
The right lobe of the liver can be divided into:
A. medial and lateral segments
B. medial and posterior segments
C. anterior and medial segments
D. anterior and posterior segments
D
Which of the following is true about the portal veins?
A. Portal veins carry deoxygenated blood away from the liver.
B. Portal veins have brighter walls than the hepatic veins.
C. Portal veins should demonstrate hepatofugal flow.
D. Portal veins increase in diameter as they approach the diaphragm.
B
The left lobe of the liver can be divided into:
A. medial and lateral segments
B. medial and posterior segments
C. anterior and medial segments
D. anterior and posterior segments
A
Normal flow within the hepatic artery should demonstrate a:
A. High-resistance wave form pattern, with a slow upstroke, and gradual
deceleration with diastole
B. Low-resistance wave form pattern, with a quick upstroke, and gradual
deceleration with diastole
C. Low-resistance wave form pattern, with a slow upstroke, and gradual
acceleration with diastole
D. High-resistance wave form patter, with a quick upstroke, and gradual
deceleration with diastole
B
Budd–Chiari syndrome leads to a reduction in the size of the:
A. hepatic arteries
B. portal viens
C. hepatic veins
D. common bile duct
C
A tonguelike extension of the right lobe of the liver is termed:
A. papillary lobe
B. focal hepatomegaly
C. riedel lobe
D. morison lobe
C
The left portal vein divides into:
A. middle, left, and right branches
B. left and right branches
C. anterior and posterior branches
D> medial and lateral branches
D
The left umbilical vein after birth becomes the:
A. falciform ligament
B. main lobar fissure
C. lagamentum teres
D. lagamentum venosum
C
Normal flow within the hepatic veins is said to be:
A. biphasic
B. irregular
C. high resistant
D. triphasic
?
The inferior extension of the caudate lobe is referred to as:
A. papillary process
B. focal hepatomegaly
C. reidel process
D. morison lobe
A
Which of the following is the most common reason for a liver transplant?
A. HCC
B. hep c
C. hep b
D. hepatic metastasis
B
Clinical findings of fatty infiltration of the liver include:
A. elevated liver function tests
B. fever
C. fatigue
D. weight loss
A
Shortly after birth, the ductus venosus collapses and becomes the:
A. falciform ligament
B. main lobar fissure
C. ligamentum teres
D. ligamentum venosum
D
Sonographically, when the liver is difficult to penetrate and diffusely
echogenic, this is indicative of:
A. portal vein thrombosis
B. metastatic liver disease
C. primary liver carcinoma
D. fatty liver disease
D
The most common cause of cirrhosis is:
A. portal hypertension
B. hepatitis
C. alcoholism
D. Cholangitis
C
Clinical findings of hepatitis include all of the following except:
A. jaundice
B. fever
C. chills
D. pericholecystic fluid
D
What form of hepatic abnormality are immunocompromised patients
more prone to develop?
A. hepatic adenoma
B. amebic abscess
C. hydatid liver abscess
D. candidiasis
D
All of the following are sequela of cirrhosis except
A. portal vein thrombosis
B. hepatic artery contraction
C. portal hypertension
D. splenomegaly
B
Normal flow toward the liver in the portal veins is termed
A. hepatopetal
B. hepatofugal
A
Which of the following masses would be most worrisome for
malignancy?
A. echogenic mass
B. cystic mass with posterior enhancement
C. isoechoic mass with a central scar
D, hyperechoic mass with a hypoechoic halo
D
Which of the following is the most common form of liver cancer?
A. HCC
B. adenocarcinoma
C. metastatic liver disease
D. hepatoblastoma
C
Which hepatic mass is closely associated with oral contraceptive use?
A. hepatic adenoma
B. hepatic hypernephroma
C. hepatic hamartoma
D. hepatic hemangioma
A
Which of the following is considered the most common benign childhood
hepatic mass?
A. hepatoblastoma
B. hepatoma
C. hematoma
D. hemangioendothelioma
D
All of the following are critical findings of HCC except
A. reduction in AFP
B. unexplained weight loss
C. fever
D. cirrhosis
A
The childhood syndrome Beckwith–Weidemann is associated with an
increased risk for developing:
A. hepatoblastoma
B. cirrhosis
C. portal hypertension
D. hepatitis
A
Which of the following is associated with E. granulosus
A. candidiasis
B. amebic liver abscess
C. hydatid liver cyst
D. hepatocellular carcinoma
C
