Liver

Question 1

4 stages of HepB

Answer 1

1) immune tolerant phase
2) immune clearance phase
3) inactive phase, liver enzymes normal
4) high viral load, reactivation of HBV infection

Question 2

Systemic effects of Antigen–antibody complexes

activation include

Answer 2

rash.
angioedema.
arthritis. 
fever.
malaise.
Cryoglobulinemia
Abnormal proteins in blood
Glomerulonephritis
Vasculitis

Question 3

Heptitis Treatment

Answer 3

• No specific treatment or therapy for acute viral hepatitis
• Most clients can be managed at home.
• Emphasis on resting the body and receiving adequate nutrients
• Drug therapy for chronic hepatitis B
• prevention with vaccine (no vaccine for Hep C

Question 4

Treatment Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Answer 4

• No definite treatment.

- the aim is directed at reduction of risk factors

Question 5

Acute Liver Failure Managment

Answer 5

• Check the client’s mental status frequently if the level of consciousness declines.
• Keep client’s environment quiet, to minimize agitation.
• Additional measures
• Padding bedrails to avoid injury from possible seizures, close observation to avoid injuries, monitoring of intake and output for renal function, and providing good skin and oral care to avoid breakdown and infection
• Use of any sedatives should be avoided because of their effects on mental status

Question 6

Liver Cancer Treatment

Answer 6

• Hepatectomy offers the best chance for cure of liver cancer.
• Liver transplantation is performed when the tumour is localized with underlying liver disease.
• Surgical resection (partial hepatectomy) is performed when there is no evidence of portal hypertension, when liver function is normal, and in the absence of invasion of hepatic blood vessels
• Radiofrequency ablation
• Chemoembolization
• Systemic chemotherapy

Question 7

Liver Disease in Older Clients

Answer 7

• Incidence of liver disease increases with age.
• Liver volume decreases, drug metabolism slows, and hepatobiliary function is altered.
• The ability of the liver to respond to injury, particularly to regenerate after injury, is decreased.
• Transplanted livers take longer to regenerate in older adults than in younger adults.
• Older clients are particularly vulnerable to drug-induced hepatitis.