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ERM > Lipids in Energy Metabolism - FA & TG > Flashcards

Lipids in Energy Metabolism - FA & TG Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid in blood transport

A

PL & TG: lipoproteins

FA: Bound to plasma proteins

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2
Q

Lipoprotein definition

A

Spherical lipid droplet containing at least one apoprotein

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3
Q

How are FA stored?

A

Oil droplets of neutral TG to prevent potential destruction to cell membranes, have high energy density

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4
Q

TG lipoprotein transport issues

A

Lipases release FA from stored TG
FA transported across membranes
TG resynthesized into TG

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5
Q

TG cycle - Dietary TG (direct step)

A

Dietary TG –> GI lipase –> FA

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6
Q

TG cycle - liver redistribution to tissues (3 items)

A
  • Endocytoses CMR & releases TG
  • Synth TG from FA (from meal glucose)
  • Assembly & export of VLDL
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7
Q

Liver & TG

A

Assembles it into VLDL to be secreted

Only small amount of TG for local use

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8
Q

Adipose & TG

A

Stores TG in oil droplets for body and releases FA into plasma during fasting for fuel

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9
Q

FA synth from glucose (pathway)

A

Glucose –> pyruvate –> citrate –> Acetyl CoA – Malonyl CoA –> palmitate –> sat & unsat FA

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10
Q

FA synth from Acetyl CoA (pathway)

A

Acetyl CoA –> Malonyl CoA –> palmitate –> sat &a unsat FA

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11
Q

ATP Citrate Lyase (ACLY) fx

A

Citrate –> Acetyl CoA

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12
Q

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) fx

A

Acetyl CoA –> Malonyl CoA

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13
Q

FA synthase fx

A

Malonyl CoA –> palmitate

Note that NADPH –> NADP at this step

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14
Q

FA synth is upregulated by

A

insulin

substrate levels

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15
Q

ACC regulation - stimulated by:

A

Insulin (+)

Citrate (+)

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16
Q

Fructose metabolism

A

Enters glycolysis after PFK-1 -

Metabolites activate ACC to induce FA synth

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17
Q

TG synth

A

Glucose –> FA –> acyl CoA

Glycolytic intermed DHAP –> glycerol –> glycerol-3-P

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18
Q

Acyltransferases

A

Attach an acyl CoA to glycerol-3-P –> TG

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19
Q

VLDL lipoprotein assembly is driven by ______, then immediately _____

A

Driven by TG, then immediately secreted

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20
Q

HSL definition and action

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

adipocyte specific lipase releases FAs + glycerol from TG

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21
Q

Fate of FA released from TG

A

Cellular fuel for muscle and other cells.

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22
Q

Fate of Glycerol from TG

A

Taken up by liver as substrate for gluconeogenesis

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23
Q

HSL regulation - stimulated by:

A

Glucagon (+)
Cortisol (+)
EPI (+)
Growth Hormone (GH) (+)

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24
Q

FA B-Oxidation products (2+1 items)

A

Acyl CoA –> NADH & FADH2

Acyl CoA –> Acetyl CoA

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25
Q

Where is plasma FA converted in acyl CoA for B-Ox?

A

Cytosol

26
Q

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1)

A

Transport Acyl CoA along with the carnitine shuttle into mitochondria for B-Ox

27
Q

B-Ox enzymes function

A

Generate acetyl CoA & lots of NADH and FADH2 for ETC

28
Q

Hepatocytic cytosolic FA are all converted into ____

A

Acyl CoA

29
Q

Cytosolic Acyl CoA is transformed into

A

–> TG

30
Q

Mitochondrial Acyl CoA is transported in by ____ and undergoes _____ to yield ____

A

Transported in by CPT-1

–>B-Ox –> ATP

31
Q

Malonyl CoA inhibits _____ and is formed from ____ by _____

A

Inhib CPT-1

formed from citrate by ACCC

32
Q

CPT-1 activity is always _____ unless ______ (inhib, stim) by _____

A

Always high unless inhibited by malonyl CoA

33
Q

Acute lipid dysreg leads to

A

Ketoacidosis

34
Q

Chronic lipid dysreg leads to

A

Atherosclerosis

35
Q

Steatosis

A

Early form of fatty liver dz (FLD)

Hepatocytes accumulate excess TG

36
Q

Acute effects unique to hyperglycemia

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HSS)

37
Q

Chronic effects unique to hyperglycemia

A

Microvascular:
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy

38
Q

Low insulin effect:

A

High glucagon:insulin ratio –> inc hep VLDL synth w dec conversion to remnants –> Excess VLDL –> Atherosclerosis –> CVD

39
Q

Excess cytosolic acyl CoA increases

A
  • Inc adipose lipolysis –> Inc hep FA uptake

- Inc hep de novo FA synth

40
Q

Excess hepatic TG causes

A
  • Excess cytosolic acyl CoA

- Dec assembly/export of VLDL

41
Q

ACC regulation - inhibited by:

A 
Glucagon (-)
Acyl CoA (-)
42
Q

HSL regulation - Inhibited by:

A

Insulin (-)

43
Q

B-Ox enzymes - location

A

In mitochondria

44
Q

When is [Malonyl CoA] low?

A

[Low] during fasting bc glucagon inhib ACC

45
Q

When is [Malonyl CoA] high?

A

[High] when fed bc insulin inc ACC

46
Q

What factors also tie into atherosclerosis?

A

Hyperglycemia,
HTN
obesity

47
Q

Excess cytosolic acyl CoA decreases

A

-Dec hep FA ox

48
Q

What role do capillaries play in the TG dietary cycle and tissue redistribution?

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in capillaries releases FA from TG, leaving CMR

49
Q

What role does adipose play in TG dietary cycle and tissue redistribution?

A

Adipose FA uptake and TG synth

50
Q

Fructose metabolism location

A

Only in liver

51
Q

How are Acyltransferases regulated?

A

subtrate levels

52
Q

Prognosis of steatosis

A

Benign, but can progress to steatohepatitis, w hep inflam and hep apoptosis

53
Q

What role do enterocytes play in the TG dietary cycle?

A

TG synth and CM assembly

54
Q

Fructose is uptaken by ____ during metabolism

A

GLUT5

55
Q

Fructose metab reg/inhib

A

no allosteric inhib

Evades (-) feedback reg

56
Q

FA released from TG is bound to _____

A

albumin

57
Q

Pathway of fate of glycerol from TG

A

Glycerol –> kinase –> glycerol-3-P –> Dehydrogenase –> DHAP

58
Q

CPT-1 fx

A

transports Acyl CoA into mitochondria for B-Ox

59
Q

Steatosis is common with ______

A

Obesity
TDM
EtOH abuse

60
Q

What does high [Malonyl CoA] cause?

A

[High] causes Acyl CoA to stay in cytosol

ERM (27 decks)

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