Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bmsc230 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

ketogenic diets reduce ___ in children for unknown reasons

A

seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

animals can’t convert f.a. into ____

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fats are converted into ____ which is then processed by CAC

A

acetyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does biosynthesis of f.a. occur?

A

in cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

intermediates in synthesis pathway involve ____ group of ____

A

sulfhydryl; ACP (Acyl carrier protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

intermediates in breakdown path involve ___ group of ___

A

sulfhydryl; Coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

elongation of f.a. stops w/ formation of ____; further elongation uses diff enzymes in ____

A

palmitate; ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

f.a. synthesized by this multienzyme complex:

A

fatty acid synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

malate to pyruvate is a ___ catalyzed by ___; also makes NADPH required for f.a. synth

A

decarboxylation; malic enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

citrate is synthesized in the ____; it is transported to ____ and cleaved by ____ to make acetyl coA

A

mito; cyto; ATP-citrate lyase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

to synth palmitate, need __ cycles, and ___ NADPH

A

7; 14 (2 per cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

in making palmitate, __ NADPH from malic enzyme, __ from PPP

A

8; 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name of enzyme that catalyzes 1st (rate limiting) irreversible step of fa biosynth?

A

acetyl coA carboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carboxylase need ___ prosthetic group

A

biotin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

coA carboxylase activated by ___ and ___; inhibited by ___, ___ and ___

A

insulin, citrate; epinephrine, glucagon, palmitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

malonyl CoA inhibits ___ which blocks __ oxidation

A

Carnitine Acyltransferase 1; beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

carboxylase is active when ____ and inactive when ___

A

unphosphorylated; phosphorylated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

enzyme that turns 2 acetyl coA to acetoacetyl coA

A

thiolase (or acylCoA acetyltransferase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

enzyme that turns acetoacetyl coA to HMG-CoA

A

HMG-CoA synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HMG-CoA to acetoacetate enzyme

A

HMG-CoA lyase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

for energy purposes, only ___ and ____ used while acetone disappears

A

acetoacetate; D-3-hydroxybutyrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

this molecule is involved in synth of cholesterol and ketone bodies

A

HMG-CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

levels of f.a. and ketone bodies __ when starvation

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

oxidation of odd chain f.a. require vitamin ____

A

B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

for every db bond, produce __ less FADH2

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

probs with db bond oxidation?

A

need to be on beta C; need be in trans isomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how to activate f.a.?

A

use 2 ATP to remove glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

in degradation, 2 C units are sequentially removed from __ end of f.a., producing __ ATP per cycle

A

carboxyl; 4 (1 FADH2, 1 NADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

voltage dependent channels called ___ move acyl-coA/f.a. across ___ membrane

A

porins; outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

name of protein that transports acyl-carnitine and carnitine

A

translocase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

enzyme for carnitine–>acyl-carnitine?

A

carnitine acyl transferase 1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

acyl binds carnitine just outside the __ membrane, and fatty acids are metabolized in ___ to produce energy

A

inner; matrix

33
Q

what is beta oxidation?

A

degradation of f.a. 2 carbons at a time to produce acetyl coA

34
Q

what are the 4 basic steps of beta oxidation?

A

oxidation, hydration, oxidation, cleavage

35
Q

first step beta-ox?

A

reduce FAD to create double bond (trans enoyl CoA) using Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

36
Q

second step beta-ox?

A

use enoyl CoA Hydratase to split water and turn db bond back to single bond

37
Q

third step beta ox?

A

use betahydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase to oxidize to 3-ketoacyl CoA which can be split by addition of another CoA to make 2 acylcoAs

38
Q

4th step beta ox?

A

thiolysis of acyl-CoA, causing it to connect with acetyl coA to form 3-ketoacyl CoA

39
Q

what are 7 activities that make up f.a. synthase complex?

A

ACP, AT, KS, MT, KR, HD, ER

40
Q

enzyme that catalyzes attachment of acetyl group to sulfide group on KS

A

acetyl transacylase (AT)

41
Q

steps in f.a. synthesis?

A

condensation–>reduction–>dehydration–>reduction

42
Q

step one of f.a. synth is catalyzed by

A

beta ketoacyl synthase

43
Q

condensation in first step of f.a. synth triggers release of ___ and ___

A

ACP; CO2

44
Q

enzyme involved with step 2 f.a. synth?

A

beta-ketoacyl reductase

45
Q

enzyme involved with step 3 f.a. synth?

A

beta-hydroxyacyl dehydratase

46
Q

enzyme involved with step 4 f.a. synth?

A

enoyl reductase

47
Q

product of f.a. synth is called ___ and is translocated from ___ to ___

A

butyryl; ACP; KS

48
Q

free palmitate is released from f.a. synthase complex by ____

A

hydrolysis

49
Q

elongation of f.a. from palmitate occurs in ___

A

endoplasmic reticulum (same process as making palmitate)

50
Q

desaturation is catalyzed by ___ enzymes bound to the ____

A

desaturase; ER

51
Q

essential f.a.s?

A

linoleate and linolenate

52
Q

necessary for synthesizing prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacycline, thromboxanes

A

arachidonate

53
Q

most common phsopholipid form?

A

phosphatidylcholine

54
Q

___ catalyzes sequential attachment of f.a. to glycerol backbone via __ bond

A

acyltransferase; ester

55
Q

1st f.a. chain is usually ___ while middle one is ____

A

saturated; unsaturated

56
Q

name of enzyme that converts phosphatidate to DAG

A

phosphatidate phosphatase

57
Q

triacyl/phospho synth in ___

A

liver

58
Q

diacylglycerol is activated by ____

A

CTP (form CDP-diacylglycerol)

59
Q

CDP-DAG rxt w/ ___ to form phospholipid

A

alcohol

60
Q

alcohol is activated by ___ and reaction with ___ to form CDP-alcohol

A

phosphorylation; CTP

61
Q

activated alcohol rxt w/ ___ to form phospholipid

A

diacylglycerol

62
Q

name of enzyme from ethanolamine to phosphorylethanolamine

A

ethanolamine kinase

63
Q

if choline is deficient, phosphatidylcholine can be synth from phophatidylethanolamine by ___ with ____

A

methylation; SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)

64
Q

cholesterol is synth especially in __

A

liver

65
Q

function of chol:

A

structure in membrane, precursor of bile salts, steroids, vit. D

66
Q

chol have __ carbons, all C come from ____

A

27; acetyl coA

67
Q

4 stages of chol synth, 1+2 in __, 3+4 in ___

A

cyto; ER

68
Q

1st product in chol synth?

A

mevalonate (6C)

69
Q

mevalonate is converted to ___

A

isoprene (5C)

70
Q

isoprene is converted to ___ through ___

A

squalene (30C); condensation

71
Q

HMG-CoA is converted to mevalonate through ___ reaction, by ___ enzyme

A

reduction; HMG CoA reductase

72
Q

3 fates of chol:

A

hepatocyte plasma membrane, storage, exported through blood–>tissues

73
Q

storage form of chol:

A

cholesterol ester

74
Q

complexes of proteins and lipids that transport TAG and chol in blood

A

lipoproteins

75
Q

4 components of lipoproteins

A

unesterified chol, phospholipid, chol ester, apoprotein B-100

76
Q

___ and ___ transport chol, ___ and __ transport TAG

A

HDL; LDL; VLDL; chylomiciron

77
Q

least dense lipoprotein is :

A

chylomicron

78
Q

condition involving very high circulating chol lvls, severe atherosclerosis, defective LDL receptor

A

familial hypercholesterolemia

79
Q

how to treat familial hypercholesterolemia?

A

statins (competitive inhibitors of HMG CoA)

Bmsc230 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions