Glycolysis

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of energy generation from food?

Answer 1

1) large cules broken down in digestion
2) small cules processed into key cules of metabolism, esp. acetyl coA
3) ATP produced from complete oxidation of acetyl coA

Question 2

how is lactase converted to gluc and gal?

Answer 2

lactase (beta-galactosidase)

Question 3

how is sucrose converted to gluc and fruc?

Answer 3

invertase

Question 4

maltose is converted to ____ when glucose is low

Answer 4

glucose (done by maltase)

Question 5

Where is GLUT2 found?

Answer 5

in the liver and pancreatic beta cells

Question 6

what does GLUT2 do?

Answer 6

pancreas: regulation of insulin
liver: remove excess gluc from blood
- basically, gluc transport

Question 7

where is GLUT4 found?

Answer 7

in muscle and fat cells

Question 8

what does GLUT4 depend on to be activated?

Answer 8

insulin

Question 9

Amounts of ____ increase in muscle plasma membrane with endurance training

Answer 9

GLUT4

Question 10

pyruvate becomes lactate in which cells?

Answer 10

contracting muscle, erythrocytes

Question 11

pyruvate becomes ethanol and CO2 in:

Answer 11

yeast

Question 12

This type of enzyme transfers phosphoryl groups

Answer 12

kinase

Question 13

diffs between muscle and liver hexokinase?

Answer 13

muscle: hexokinase 1, non-specific, 0.1mM Km, inhibited by Gluc 6P
liver: hexokinase 4, specific, 5-10 mM, not inhibited by Gluc 6P

Question 14

which enzyme causes the isomerization of G6P to F6P?

Answer 14

phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 15

what enzyme causes interconversion between aldo and keto sugars?

Answer 15

isomerase

Question 16

what happens in G6P–>F6P isomerization?

Answer 16

the carbonyl oxygen moves from C1 to C2, turning aldose to ketose sugar

Question 17

What enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of F6P to F1,6-BP?

Answer 17

phosphofructokinase (PFK1)

-SUPER IMPORTANT

Question 18

inhibition of reaction velocity due to negative feedback of high ATP can be overcome by high [ ] of ___

Answer 18

F6P

Question 19

Which enzyme turns F1,6-BP into DHAP and GAP?

Answer 19

Aldolase, which cleaves the C-C bond

Question 20

how does DHAP become GAP?

Answer 20

triose phosphate isomerase makes ketose sugar into aldose sugar

Question 21

which enzyme catalyzes GAP–>1,3-BPG?

Answer 21

glyceraldehyde3P dehydrogenase

Question 22

Dehydrogenases catalyze ___ reactions

Answer 22

redox

Question 23

what are the two steps of GAP–>1,3BPG?

Answer 23

1) aldehyde oxidized to carboxylic group

2) phosphate added to carboxylic group

Question 24

what is the term for a cule connected to a carboxylate group?

Answer 24

acyl

Question 25

which kinase catalyzes a reversible rxn?

Answer 25

phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 26

1,3BPG-->3PG is an example of ____phosphorylation

Answer 26

substrate level

Question 27

in which rxn is first ATP produced?

Answer 27

1,3BPG-->3PG

Question 28

what enzyme catalyzes 3PG-->2PG?

Answer 28

phosphoglycerate mutase

Question 29

what type of enzyme transfers groups within molecules?

Answer 29

mutase

Question 30

what enzyme catalyzes dehydration of 2PG to PPP?

Answer 30

Enolase

Question 31

PPP is sensitive to which element?

Answer 31

fluoride

Question 32

PPP-->Pyruvate by which enzyme?

Answer 32

pyruvate kinase

Question 33

how many ATP equivalents are produced in glycolysis?

Answer 33

7

Question 34

phosphorylated intermediates have a ___ charge, making them ____ to membranes

Answer 34

negative; impermeable

Question 35

pyruvate carboxylase requires the vitamin ___ as TPP prosthetic group, and a ____

Answer 35

thiamin (B1); divalent cation

Question 36

methyl group + carboxylate + ketone =

Answer 36

pyruvate

Question 37

in fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated by ___

Answer 37

alcohol dehydrogenize

Question 38

what is the intermediate between pyruvate and ethanol?

Answer 38

acetaldehyde

Question 39

TPP has a ____ ring, which contains the active centre

Answer 39

thiazolium

Question 40

pyruvate becomes lactate by the enzyme ___-

Answer 40

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 41

this enzyme is found only in the liver and phosphorylates C1 only

Answer 41

fructokinase

Question 42

what enzyme catalyzes F1P-->glyceraldehyde and DHAP in the liver?

Answer 42

F1P-aldolase

Question 43

which enzyme phosphorylates glyceraldehyde in fructose metabolism in the liver?

Answer 43

triose kinase

Question 44

what does fructose in adipose tissue become?

Answer 44

F6P

Question 45

how is galactose converted into G6P?

Answer 45

galactokinase phosphorylates at C1,

Question 46

metabolism of galactose requires a continuous supply of:

Answer 46

UDP glucose

Question 47

how does Gal1P become UDP galactose?

Answer 47

galactose1P Uridyl transferase gives glucose the phosphate and gal the UDP (switch)

Question 48

UDP gal becomes UDP gluc with this enzyme

Answer 48

UDP galactose 4 epimerase

Question 49

after UDP-Gluc becomes Gluc1P, how does it become G6P?

Answer 49

through the enzyme phosphoglucomutase

Question 50

condition where galactose is converted to galactitol, causing cataracts, retardation and tissue enlargement

Answer 50

galactosemia

Question 51

another name for lactose intolerance

Answer 51

hypolactasia

Question 52

what is the inhibitor of hexokinase?

Answer 52

G6P

Question 53

what are the activators of PFK1?

Answer 53

AMP and F2,6BP

Question 54

what are the inhibitors of PFK1?

Answer 54

ATP and citrate

Question 55

what are the activators of Pyr Kinase?

Answer 55

F1,6BP

Question 56

what are the inhibitors of Pyr. kinase?

Answer 56

ATP, acetyl coA, fatty acids

Question 57

acetyl coA is vital in the synth of :

Answer 57

a.a.. ketone bodies, cholesterol, and fatty acids