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Bmsc230 > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of energy generation from food?

A

1) large cules broken down in digestion
2) small cules processed into key cules of metabolism, esp. acetyl coA
3) ATP produced from complete oxidation of acetyl coA

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2
Q

how is lactase converted to gluc and gal?

A

lactase (beta-galactosidase)

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3
Q

how is sucrose converted to gluc and fruc?

A

invertase

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4
Q

maltose is converted to ____ when glucose is low

A

glucose (done by maltase)

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5
Q

Where is GLUT2 found?

A

in the liver and pancreatic beta cells

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6
Q

what does GLUT2 do?

A

pancreas: regulation of insulin
liver: remove excess gluc from blood
- basically, gluc transport

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7
Q

where is GLUT4 found?

A

in muscle and fat cells

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8
Q

what does GLUT4 depend on to be activated?

A

insulin

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9
Q

Amounts of ____ increase in muscle plasma membrane with endurance training

A

GLUT4

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10
Q

pyruvate becomes lactate in which cells?

A

contracting muscle, erythrocytes

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11
Q

pyruvate becomes ethanol and CO2 in:

A

yeast

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12
Q

This type of enzyme transfers phosphoryl groups

A

kinase

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13
Q

diffs between muscle and liver hexokinase?

A

muscle: hexokinase 1, non-specific, 0.1mM Km, inhibited by Gluc 6P
liver: hexokinase 4, specific, 5-10 mM, not inhibited by Gluc 6P

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14
Q

which enzyme causes the isomerization of G6P to F6P?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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15
Q

what enzyme causes interconversion between aldo and keto sugars?

A

isomerase

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16
Q

what happens in G6P–>F6P isomerization?

A

the carbonyl oxygen moves from C1 to C2, turning aldose to ketose sugar

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17
Q

What enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of F6P to F1,6-BP?

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK1)

-SUPER IMPORTANT

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18
Q

inhibition of reaction velocity due to negative feedback of high ATP can be overcome by high [ ] of ___

A

F6P

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19
Q

Which enzyme turns F1,6-BP into DHAP and GAP?

A

Aldolase, which cleaves the C-C bond

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20
Q

how does DHAP become GAP?

A

triose phosphate isomerase makes ketose sugar into aldose sugar

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21
Q

which enzyme catalyzes GAP–>1,3-BPG?

A

glyceraldehyde3P dehydrogenase

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22
Q

Dehydrogenases catalyze ___ reactions

A

redox

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23
Q

what are the two steps of GAP–>1,3BPG?

A

1) aldehyde oxidized to carboxylic group

2) phosphate added to carboxylic group

24
Q

what is the term for a cule connected to a carboxylate group?

A

acyl

25
Q

which kinase catalyzes a reversible rxn?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

26
Q

1,3BPG–>3PG is an example of ____phosphorylation

A

substrate level

27
Q

in which rxn is first ATP produced?

A

1,3BPG–>3PG

28
Q

what enzyme catalyzes 3PG–>2PG?

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

29
Q

what type of enzyme transfers groups within molecules?

A

mutase

30
Q

what enzyme catalyzes dehydration of 2PG to PPP?

A

Enolase

31
Q

PPP is sensitive to which element?

A

fluoride

32
Q

PPP–>Pyruvate by which enzyme?

A

pyruvate kinase

33
Q

how many ATP equivalents are produced in glycolysis?

A

7

34
Q

phosphorylated intermediates have a ___ charge, making them ____ to membranes

A

negative; impermeable

35
Q

pyruvate carboxylase requires the vitamin ___ as TPP prosthetic group, and a ____

A

thiamin (B1); divalent cation

36
Q

methyl group + carboxylate + ketone =

A

pyruvate

37
Q

in fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated by ___

A

alcohol dehydrogenize

38
Q

what is the intermediate between pyruvate and ethanol?

A

acetaldehyde

39
Q

TPP has a ____ ring, which contains the active centre

A

thiazolium

40
Q

pyruvate becomes lactate by the enzyme ___-

A

lactate dehydrogenase

41
Q

this enzyme is found only in the liver and phosphorylates C1 only

A

fructokinase

42
Q

what enzyme catalyzes F1P–>glyceraldehyde and DHAP in the liver?

A

F1P-aldolase

43
Q

which enzyme phosphorylates glyceraldehyde in fructose metabolism in the liver?

A

triose kinase

44
Q

what does fructose in adipose tissue become?

A

F6P

45
Q

how is galactose converted into G6P?

A

galactokinase phosphorylates at C1,

46
Q

metabolism of galactose requires a continuous supply of:

A

UDP glucose

47
Q

how does Gal1P become UDP galactose?

A

galactose1P Uridyl transferase gives glucose the phosphate and gal the UDP (switch)

48
Q

UDP gal becomes UDP gluc with this enzyme

A

UDP galactose 4 epimerase

49
Q

after UDP-Gluc becomes Gluc1P, how does it become G6P?

A

through the enzyme phosphoglucomutase

50
Q

condition where galactose is converted to galactitol, causing cataracts, retardation and tissue enlargement

A

galactosemia

51
Q

another name for lactose intolerance

A

hypolactasia

52
Q

what is the inhibitor of hexokinase?

A

G6P

53
Q

what are the activators of PFK1?

A

AMP and F2,6BP

54
Q

what are the inhibitors of PFK1?

A

ATP and citrate

55
Q

what are the activators of Pyr Kinase?

A

F1,6BP

56
Q

what are the inhibitors of Pyr. kinase?

A

ATP, acetyl coA, fatty acids

57
Q

acetyl coA is vital in the synth of :

A

a.a.. ketone bodies, cholesterol, and fatty acids

Bmsc230 (13 decks)

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