Integration of metabolism Flashcards
common mech of regulation?
allosteric modulators, covalent modification, proteolysis, induction/repression of enzyme synth, compartmentalization
examples of signals that come from within the cell?
substrate lvls, allosteric effectors
example of signals that come from outside the cell?
nutrients/metabolites, hormones
molecules in circulating fluid (blood)?
glucose, lactate, glycerol, f.a., ketone bodies, TAG (as lipoproteins), a.a.
sources of metabolic fuels?
diet, circulating fluid (blood), stored fuels
major stored fuels in body?
glycogen, triacylglycerol, proteins
in fasting state, _____ lipase breaks down TAG to f.a. and glycerol
hormone sensitive
path of glucose and a.a.?
intestine–>portal vein–>liver–>other tissues
path of TAG?
intestines–>lymphatic–>liver–>adipose tissue and other tissues
normal range blood gluc?
5 mM
hunger, release glucagon/epinephrine/cortisol, sweating, trembling, subtle neuro signs–>lethargy, convulsions, coma–>permanent brain damage and death
what is renal threshold of blood glucose?
180 mg/100mL (above cause glucose come out in urine)
3 ways to produce gluc in blood?
diet, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
glucose level lowers from peak to normal range after about __ hours
2
sources of gluc during fasting?
ingested gluc–>glycogen–>gluconeogenesis
tisues totally dependent on glucose?
brain, RBC, renal medulla
peptide secreted by adipose tissue that regulates food intake by sending signals to the hypothalamus to eat less when fat stores high
leptin
secreted by the empty stomach, stimulating ^ food intake and reduce fat utilization
ghrelin (growth hormone release peptide)
what is gynecoid?
pear shape (fat store in hips, thighs, breasts)
what is android?
apple shape (ab fat)
examples of surgery to manage obesity
gastric bypass, stomach stapling
leading cause of adult blindness, amputation, renal fail, heart attack, stroke
diabetes mellitus
how to diagnose diabetes?
1) blood glucose 2) blood HbA1C 3) gluc tolerance test
how to calculate BMI?
kg/m^2
what are major effects of hyperglycemia?
osmotic diuresis, hyperosmolar coma, glycation of proteins, cataracts
Type 1 diabetes is also called:
insulin dependent diabetes (juvenile onset)
Type 2 diabetes is also called:
non-insulin dependent diabetes (maturity onset)
clinical characteristics of type 1?
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
ketosis is associated with ___ diabetes
Type 1
what are 3 causes of type 2?
1) insulin resistance
2) low # insulin receptors
3) dysfunctional beta cells of pancreas
diagnose type 2 diabetes when blood gluc >____mM
7.8
during development of type 2 diabetes, _____ deposited in pancreas, killing ____ cells, insulin secretion decreases
amyloid fibrils; islet
how to treat type 2 diabetes?
diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic drugs (maybe insulin)
acute complications of Type 2 diabetes?
hyperosmolar state
