Integration of metabolism

Question 1

common mech of regulation?

Answer 1

allosteric modulators, covalent modification, proteolysis, induction/repression of enzyme synth, compartmentalization

Question 2

examples of signals that come from within the cell?

Answer 2

substrate lvls, allosteric effectors

Question 3

example of signals that come from outside the cell?

Answer 3

nutrients/metabolites, hormones

Question 4

molecules in circulating fluid (blood)?

Answer 4

glucose, lactate, glycerol, f.a., ketone bodies, TAG (as lipoproteins), a.a.

Question 5

sources of metabolic fuels?

Answer 5

diet, circulating fluid (blood), stored fuels

Question 6

major stored fuels in body?

Answer 6

glycogen, triacylglycerol, proteins

Question 7

in fasting state, _____ lipase breaks down TAG to f.a. and glycerol

Answer 7

hormone sensitive

Question 8

path of glucose and a.a.?

Answer 8

intestine–>portal vein–>liver–>other tissues

Question 9

path of TAG?

Answer 9

intestines–>lymphatic–>liver–>adipose tissue and other tissues

Question 10

normal range blood gluc?

Answer 10

5 mM

Answer 11

hunger, release glucagon/epinephrine/cortisol, sweating, trembling, subtle neuro signs–>lethargy, convulsions, coma–>permanent brain damage and death

Question 12

what is renal threshold of blood glucose?

Answer 12

180 mg/100mL (above cause glucose come out in urine)

Question 13

3 ways to produce gluc in blood?

Answer 13

diet, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Question 14

glucose level lowers from peak to normal range after about __ hours

Answer 14

2

Question 15

sources of gluc during fasting?

Answer 15

ingested gluc–>glycogen–>gluconeogenesis

Question 16

tisues totally dependent on glucose?

Answer 16

brain, RBC, renal medulla

Question 17

peptide secreted by adipose tissue that regulates food intake by sending signals to the hypothalamus to eat less when fat stores high

Answer 17

leptin

Question 18

secreted by the empty stomach, stimulating ^ food intake and reduce fat utilization

Answer 18

ghrelin (growth hormone release peptide)

Question 19

what is gynecoid?

Answer 19

pear shape (fat store in hips, thighs, breasts)

Question 20

what is android?

Answer 20

apple shape (ab fat)

Question 21

examples of surgery to manage obesity

Answer 21

gastric bypass, stomach stapling

Question 22

leading cause of adult blindness, amputation, renal fail, heart attack, stroke

Answer 22

diabetes mellitus

Question 23

how to diagnose diabetes?

Answer 23

1) blood glucose 2) blood HbA1C 3) gluc tolerance test

Question 24

how to calculate BMI?

Answer 24

kg/m^2

Question 25

what are major effects of hyperglycemia?

Answer 25

osmotic diuresis, hyperosmolar coma, glycation of proteins, cataracts

Question 26

Type 1 diabetes is also called:

Answer 26

insulin dependent diabetes (juvenile onset)

Question 27

Type 2 diabetes is also called:

Answer 27

non-insulin dependent diabetes (maturity onset)

Question 28

clinical characteristics of type 1?

Answer 28

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 29

ketosis is associated with ___ diabetes

Answer 29

Type 1

Question 30

what are 3 causes of type 2?

Answer 30

1) insulin resistance
2) low # insulin receptors
3) dysfunctional beta cells of pancreas

Question 31

diagnose type 2 diabetes when blood gluc >____mM

Answer 31

7.8

Question 32

during development of type 2 diabetes, _____ deposited in pancreas, killing ____ cells, insulin secretion decreases

Answer 32

amyloid fibrils; islet

Question 33

how to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer 33

diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic drugs (maybe insulin)

Question 34

acute complications of Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 34

hyperosmolar state