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Fundamentals of the Living Cell > Lipid transport > Flashcards

Lipid transport Flashcards

1
Q

How are free fatty acids formed? [1 mark]

A

From triacylglycerides in adipose tissue

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2
Q

How are free fatty acids transported? [2 marks]

A
  • Bound to plasma protein (e.g. albumin)

- As Na+ salt

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3
Q

When does saturation of albumin by free fatty acids occur? [1 marks]

A

At 2mM FA molecules

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4
Q

Types of lipoproteins [5 marks]

A
  • Chylomicrons
  • Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
  • Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)
  • Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
  • High density lipoproteins (HDL)
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5
Q

General structure of lipoproteins [3 marks]

A
  • Single phospholipid layer with cholesterol
  • Apolipoprotein
  • TGs and cholesterol esters inside
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6
Q

Which lipoprotein has the most TGs? [1 mark]

A

Chylomicrons

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7
Q

Which lipoprotein has the most apolipoprotein? [1 mark]

A

HDL

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8
Q

Which lipoprotein has apolipoprotein B48 (shortened version of B100)?

A

Chylomicrons

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9
Q

Which lipoproteins have apolipoprotein B100? [3 marks]

A
  • VLDL
  • IDL
  • LDL
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10
Q

Which lipoproteins have apolipoprotein C1? [2 marks]

A
  • VLDL

- HDL

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11
Q

Which lipoproteins have apolipoprotein C2? [2 marks]

A
  • Chylomicrons

- VLDL

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12
Q

Which lipoproteins have apolipoprotein C3? [3 marks]

A
  • Chylomicrons
  • VLDL
  • HDL
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13
Q

Which lipoproteins have apolipoprotein E? [4 marks]

A

All except LDL

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14
Q

Which lipoprotein has apolipoproteins A1 and A2? [1 mark]

A

HDL

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15
Q

What are the functions of apolipoproteins? [4 marks]

A
  • Structural
  • Solubilise lipids
  • Enzymes or cofactors
  • Ligands/agonists
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16
Q

When are apolipoproteins added? [1 mark]

A

SER

17
Q

Where are chylomicrons made? [1 mark]

A

Endothelial cells in blood vessels

18
Q

What do chylomicrons transport? [1 mark]

A

Fat soluble vitamins

19
Q

What is the lifetime of TGs in chylomicrons? [2 marks]

A
  • Very short

- Broken down by lipoprotein lipases

20
Q

What are lipoprotein lipases in adiocyte activated by? [1 mark]

A

Insulin

21
Q

What do VLDLs/LDLs transport? [2 marks]

A
  • Dietary lipids

- Liver lipids

22
Q

What is VLDL/LDL synthesis enhanced by? [5 marks]

A
  • Dietary carbohydrates
  • Circulating FFA
  • Alcohol
  • Raised insulin
  • Decreased glucagon
23
Q

How are LDLs removed?

A
  • 60% by the liver

- 40% used by non hepatic tissue for steroid biosynthesis

24
Q

Where are HDLs made? [2 marks]

A
  • Liver

- Intestine

25
Q

What do HDLs do to cholesterol to remove it from the plasma? [1 mark]

A

Esterifies it with lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

26
Q

Where are LDL and LDL like receptors found? [1 mark]

A

In the liver

27
Q

What are LDL and LDL like receptors regulated by? [1 mark]

A

Cholesterol

28
Q

What is the affinity for LDL and LDL like receptors to their ligands? [1 mark]

A

High

29
Q

Which lipoproteins are LDL receptors on? [2 marks]

A
  • VLDL

- LDL

30
Q

Which lipoproteins are LDL like receptors on? [3 marks]

A
  • VLDL
  • HDL
  • Chylomicrons
31
Q

What is the ligand for LDL receptors? [1 mark]

A

Apo B100

32
Q

What is the ligand for LDL like receptors? [1 mark]

A

Apo E

33
Q

What does high levels of cholesterol do to HMG-CoA reductase activity? [1 mark]

A

Inhibits it (inhibits cholesterol production)

34
Q

What does low levels of cholesterol do to LDL receptor expression? [1 mark]

A

Increases it

35
Q

Where are scavenger receptors found? [2 marks]

A
  • Endothelial cells

- Macrophages

36
Q

What are lipoproteins regulated by? [3 marks]

A
  • Hormones
  • Nutritional status (starvation decreases synthesis)
  • LDL expression affected by hormones (like oestrogen)
37
Q

How is lipid transport affected by diabetes?

A
  • Increased FFA mobilisation

- Decreased chylomicron and VLDL utilisation

38
Q

Where do chylomicrons enter circulation? [1 mark]

A

Via thoracic duct

39
Q

How is cholesterol excreted? [1 mark]

A

As bile salts

Fundamentals of the Living Cell (35 decks)

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