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Fundamentals of the Living Cell > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What can swapping of genes change for virus strains? [3 marks]

A
  • Specificity of the virus
  • How easily it can spread
  • What species it can infect
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2
Q

What is the definition of evolution? [1 mark]

A

The accumulated, heritable changes within a population.

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3
Q

Why does E. coli evolve to be able to grow in citrate in aerobic condition? [1 mark]

A
  • Citrate promoter is usually off
  • RNK promoter regulates gene for regulator of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (RNK) which is on in the presence of oxygen.
  • RNK promoter can be duplicated near the citrate gene and control it.
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4
Q

Small mistakes from DNA replication [4 marks]

A
  • Duplication
  • Insertions
  • Deletions
  • Base substitution
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5
Q

Big mistakes from DNA replication [5 marks]

A
  • DNA duplications
  • Chromosome rearrangements
  • Deletions
  • Viral insertions
  • Insertion of transposable elements
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6
Q

How do changes in genotypes arise? [4 marks]

A
  • Natural selection
  • Genetic drift
  • Gene flow
  • Applied selection
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7
Q

Where are the highest amount of mutation found? [1 mark]

A

Non coding regions

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8
Q

What does systematics deal with? [1 mark]

A

Classifying living things.

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9
Q

What is taxonomy? [1 mark]

A

Naming of groups of organisms (taxa).

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10
Q

What is classification? [1 mark]

A

Arranging taxa into an ordered, hierarchical system.

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11
Q

What is phylogeny? [2 marks]

A
  • Determination of ancestral relationships of organism.

- Determination of organisms’ evolutionary history.

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12
Q

How can rock be dated? [1 mark]

A

Measuring the decay of naturally occurring isotopes.

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13
Q

Why can’t sedimentary rock be used for dating? [1 mark]

A

The rock wouldn’t necessarily be the same age as the fossil.

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14
Q

How are fossil dates bracketed? [2 marks]

A
  • By the age of surrounding igneous rock.

- Because igneous rock is fixed and cannot have been formed before or after.

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15
Q

What is the definition of half life? [1 mark]

A

The period of time taken for radioactivity to decrease by half.

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16
Q

What determines the date of a fossil in radiometric dating? [1 mark]

A

The ratio of parent to daughter atoms.

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17
Q

What are the requirements for radiometric dating? [6 marks]

A
  • Rate of radioactive decay is constant.
  • Not affected by temp, pressure, chemicals or electromagnetic fields.
  • System must be closed.
  • Parent and daughter nuclides cannot leave or enter material after its been formed
  • No intrusion of the rock.
  • No contamination.
18
Q

What happened in the Cambrian explosion (around 525 million years ago)? [1 mark]

A

The rapid appearance and disappearance of complex organisms.

19
Q

What are homologous structures? [2 marks]

A
  • Structures that are similar by descent e.g. tetrapod limbs.
  • From a common ancestral version.
20
Q

What are two types of molecular homology? [2 mark]

A
  • Paralogs: Genes from the same organisms (via duplication).

- Orthologs: Genes from different organisms (common ancestor).

21
Q

What are analogous structures? [2 marks]

A
  • Structures that are similar by function e.g. wings.

- They are produced by convergent evolution.

22
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

They are a group of highly conserved genes that control the body plan of organisms.

23
Q

What is the RNA World hypothesis? [1 mark]

A

A hypothesis that states that early life came from self-replicating, self-catalysng ribozymes e.g. tRNA.

24
Q

Why is DNA more stable than RNA? [2 marks]

A
  • DNA has thymine instead of uracil.

- Thymine has a greater resistance to photo-chemical mutations than uracil.

25
Q

What is the structure of DNA in bacteria and archaea? [2 marks]

A
  • Not contained in a nucleus

- Circular DNA

26
Q

Which domain has an RNA cap and poly A tail? [1 mark]

A

Eukaryote

27
Q

What is the size of ribosomes in bacteria and archaea? [1 mark]

A

70S

28
Q

What is the tRNA initiator in bacteria? [1 mark]

A

Formyl-methionine

29
Q

What is the tRNA initiator in archaea and eukaryotes? [1 mark]

A

Methionine

30
Q

Which domain has rifampicin-sensitive (antibiotic senstitive) RNA polymerase? [1 mark]

A

Bacteria

31
Q

Which domains have histones? [2 marks]

A
  • Archaea

- Eukaryotes

32
Q

What do mitochondrial genomes bare similarity to? [1 mark]

A

Rickettsia prowazekii (Typhus bacterium)

33
Q

What happens to lost genes from plastids (usually in plant cells)? [1 mark]

A

They are taken up and incorporated into nuclear DNA.

34
Q

What are the basic processes of multicellularity? [4 marks]

A
  • Spatial organisation
  • Change in form
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
35
Q

What family of proteins are used in eukaryotes to detect light? [2 marks]

A
  • Opsins (homologous)

- G protein coupled receptors that convert light to nerve impulses

36
Q

What happens when there’s mutations to the orthologous Pax6 gene (eyeless) in humans and mice? [2 marks]

A

MICE: causes smalleye
HUMANS: causes aniridia

37
Q

What is ectopic expression? [1 mark]

A

Abnormal gene expression where the gene is not usually expressed.

38
Q

What are hCONDELs and where do they mostly occur? [2 marks]

A
  • Sequences that are conserved in other animals but deleted in humans.
  • Mostly in places where steroid hormone receptor activity occurs.
39
Q

What happens in the hCONDEL near the androgen receptor gene? [2 marks]

A
  • Loss of enhancer in humans

- Whiskers and penile spine is not expressed in humans.

39
Q

What happens in the hCONDEL near the androgen receptor gene? [2 marks]

A
  • Loss of enhancer in humans

- Whiskers and penile spine is not expressed in humans.

40
Q

What causes changes in mtDNA and the Y chromosome? [1 mark]

A

Random mutations over time.

Fundamentals of the Living Cell (35 decks)

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