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Fundamentals of the Living Cell > Energy II > Flashcards

Energy II Flashcards

Acetyl CoA, Mitochondria, Oxygen

1
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur? [1 mark]

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

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2
Q

Enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle? [4 marks]

A
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • citrate synthase
  • isocitrate dehydrogenase
  • alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase
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3
Q

How much NADH is made per glucose? [2 marks]

A
  • 2 when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA

- 6 in citric acid cycle

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4
Q

How much FADH2 is made per glucose? [1 mark]

A

2

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5
Q

How much GTP is made per glucose? [1 mark]

A

2

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6
Q

How much CO2 is made per glucose? [2 marks]

A
  • 2 when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA

- 4 in the citric acid cycle

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7
Q

Acetyl CoA formation [1 mark]

A

It is essentially irreversible

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8
Q

What is acetyl CoA used for? [2 marks]

A
  • either for the citric acid cycle

- or to form fatty acids

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9
Q

What inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase? [1 mark]

A

Its products (NADH and acetyl CoA)

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10
Q

What activates pyruvate dehydrogenase? [2 marks]

A
  • ADP

- pyruvate

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11
Q

What inhibits citrate synthase?

A

Its product (citrate)

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12
Q

What inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase? [2 marks]

A
  • NADH

- ATP

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13
Q

What activates isocitrate dehydrogenase? [1 mark]

A

ADP

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14
Q

What inhibits alpha keto gluterate dehydrogenase? [3 marks]

A
  • NADH
  • ATP
  • succinyl CoA
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15
Q

What activities does pyruvate dehydrogenase have? [2 marks]

A
  • Kinase

- Phosphatase

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16
Q

What does calcium facilitate in muscle? [1 marks]

A

ATP generation

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17
Q

What increases calcium in the liver and how? [2 marks]

A
  • Adrenalin

- via the activation of alpha adrenergic receptor and IP3.

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18
Q

What is Inositol triphosphate?

A
  • a secondary messenger

- mobilises Ca2+ for muscle contraction

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19
Q

What does insulin do in liver and adipose tissue? [4 marks]

A
  • stimulates the phosphatase
  • activates dehydrogenase
  • increases amount of acetyl CoA
  • funnels glucose to fatty acid synthesis
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20
Q

What causes beriberi? [1 mark]

A
  • Deficiency in thiamine (Vitamin B1)
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21
Q

What is a prosthetic group for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase? [1 mark]

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

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22
Q

What are the effects of beriberi? [7 marks]

A
  • higher serum levels of pyruvate and alpha ketogluterate
  • lack of ATP causes damage to PNS, limb pain, muscle weakness and distorted skin sensation.
  • enlarged heart
  • insufficient cardiac output
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23
Q

What is coenzyme Q10? [1 mark]

A

An ubiquitous component of the ETC

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24
Q

What is the function of cytochrome b-c1 complex? [1 mark]

A

Catalyses the reduction of cytochrome c

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25
Q

What are the functions of cytochrome c? [3 marks]

A
  • Haem group accepts electrons from b-c1 complex
  • Transfers electrons to complex IV
  • Involved in the initiation of apoptosis
26
Q

How much H+ from NADH is pumped out of the matrix?

A

10

27
Q

How much H+ from FADH2 is pumped out of the matrix?

A

6

28
Q

How much ATP is made from NADH?

A

3

29
Q

How much ATP is made from FADH2?

A

2

30
Q

How is heat generated in infants? [1 mark]

A

The transport of electrons is uncoupled from ATP synthesis

31
Q

Brown fat [2 marks]

A
  • Dense in mitochondria

- less ATP is generated

32
Q

What are the symptoms of mitochondrial diseases? [3 marks]

A
  • Fatigue
  • Epilepsy
  • Dementia
33
Q

What causes mitochondrial diseases? [1 mark]

A

Mutations in genes for proteins in ETC

34
Q

What is the metabolic consequence of mitochondrial diseases?

A

Congenital lactic acidosis

35
Q

What effect does ATP and G6P have on glycogen synthase? [1 mark]

A

It activates it

36
Q

What effect does ATP and G6P have on glycogen phosphorylase? [1 mark]

A

It inactivates it

37
Q

What does protein kinase A do to glycogen synthase? [2 marks]

A
  • it phosphorylates it

- this inactivates it

38
Q

What does protein kinase A do to glycogen phosphorylase? [2 marks]

A
  • it phosphorylates it

- this activates it

39
Q

What does protein phosphatase-1 do to glycogen synthase? [2 marks]

A
  • dephosphorylates it

- this activates it

40
Q

What does protein phosphatase-1 do to glycogen phosphorylase? [2 marks]

A
  • dephosphorylates it

- inactivates it

41
Q

When is glycogen synthase activated? [1 mark]

A

In time of plenty (of glucose)

42
Q

When is glycogen phosphorylase activates? [1 mark]

A

Activated when glucose is in short supply

43
Q

When is the pentose phosphate pathway activated? [1 mark]

A

When there is a lot of glucose-6-phosphate

44
Q

What is the oxidative phase of the pentose phoshate pathway? [2 marks]

A
  • The formation of ribulose-5-phosphate from G6P

- The irreversible part

45
Q

What are the products of the oxidative phase? [2 marks]

A
  • 2 NADPH

- CO2

46
Q

What is the non oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway? [2 marks]

A
  • The conversions of ribulose-5-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate
  • The reversible part
47
Q

What is NADPH useful for? [2 marks]

A
  • synthesis of antioxidants (i.e. glutathione)

- synthesis of fatty acids

48
Q

How do antioxidants protect from oxidative stress?

A

They donate electrons to neutralise oxygen radicals

49
Q

What is ribose-5-phosphate important for? [3 marks]

A
  • Nucleotide/DNA synthesis
  • Synthesis of some coenzymes
  • metabolism from its conversion to other sugars
50
Q

What fuel can erythrocytes use? [1 mark]

A

Glucose

51
Q

What is the daily body and brain requirement for glucose? [2 marks]

A
  • 160g for the body

- 120g for the brain

52
Q

What are the total body reserves for glucose? [1 mark]

A

210g

53
Q

What does gluconeogenesis do to make glucose? [1 mark]

A

Converts pyruvate to glucose

54
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis take place? [2 marks]

A
  • usually in the liver

- but also in the kidneys during starvation

55
Q

What enzyme must glucose-6-phosphatase overcome?

A

Hexokinase

56
Q

What enzyme must fructose bisphosphatase overcome?

A

Phosphofructokinase

57
Q

What enzymes overcome pyruvate kinase? [2 marks]

A
  • Pyruvate carboxylase

- phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase

58
Q

Which enzymes are inhibited by glucagon? [2 marks]

A
  • Pyruvate kinase

- Phosphofructokinase

59
Q

What is pyruvate an intermediate for? [2 marks]

A
  • Lactate

- Some amino acids [e.g. alanine]

60
Q

How does oxaloacetate leave the mitochondria? [2 marks]

A
  • converted to malate and exits via carrier

- is converted back to oxaloacetate in the cytosol

61
Q

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondria? [1 mark]

A

Via a carrier protein

Fundamentals of the Living Cell (35 decks)

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