Lipid Panel Flashcards
what are the 3 major plasma lipids?
- phospholipid
- triglyceride
- cholesterol
triglycerides and cholesterol are packed with proteins to form _____
lipoproteins
where does the majority of elevated cholesterol come from?
body (endogenous)
what kind of system does the liver have with cholesterol?
negative feedback system
what can long-term hypercholesterolemia lead to?
atherosclerosis
where does the majority of triglycerides come from?
diet
how is VLDL calculated?
TG/5
what equation helps to calculate LDL?
LDL-cholesterol = Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - (TG/5)
what is the optimal specimen for a lipid panel?
serum/plasma (EDTA, Heparin)
what is the fasting rule for a lipid panel?
12-15 hours
our body uses cholesterol to make _____
vitamin D
what is cholesterol essential for? (3)
- synthesize bile acids
- steroid hormones
- cell membrane structure
what digests triglycerides? (2)
- pancreatic lipases
- intestinal lipases
triglycerides combine with cholesterol and apolipoproteins for form what?
chylomicrons
large lipoproteins that show lipemic state
chylomicrons
in a nonfasting state, where are most TG found?
in chylomicrons
in a fasting state, where is most TG found?
VLDL
lipoprotein that is synthesized in the intestinal enterocytes that is released into lymph and slowly into the bloodstream after a meal
chylomicrons
what is the main function of chylomicrons?
transport dietary TGs to peripheral tissues and the liver
what gives serum its lipemic appearance in non-fasting/abnormal levels?
chylomicrons
high levels of _____ can contribute to acute pancreatitis
triglycerides / chylomicrons
lipoprotein that moves cholesterol, triglycerides and other lipids in the body that is considered “bad” cholesterol
VLDL
VLDL contains the largest protein in the human body. what is it called?
apoprotein B-100
a patient who cannot synthesize apoprotein B-100 and is then unable to synthesize VLDL and chylomicrons, which leads to accumulation of large fat droplets in the liver and intestinal parenchyma. what is this disorder called?
abetalipoproteinemia
lipoprotein that is synthesized in the liver and small intestines and removes cholesterol from cells and returns it to the liver to be excreted out of the body
HDL
which specific enzyme promotes the Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT) mechanism that removes excess cholesterol from the cells and delivers it to the liver to be excreted?
lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)
do to calculate cholesterol ratio?
total cholesterol / HDL level
do we want a lower or higher cholesterol ratio number?
lower = lower risk of heart disease
which lipoprotein carries most of the total cholesterol in the serum and transports it to the tissues?
LDL
when is the LDL cholesterol difficult to calculate?
if triglycerides are above 400
what is the abnormality of lipid studies called?
dyslipidemia
what is elevated in type 1 lipoprotein elevation?
chylomicrons
what is elevated in type 2a lipoprotein elevation?
LDL
what is elevated in type 2b lipoprotein elevation?
LDL + VLDL
what is elevated in type 3 lipoprotein elevation?
IDL
what is elevated in type 4 lipoprotein elevation?
VLDL
what is elevated in type 5 lipoprotein elevation?
VLDL + chylomicrons
a group of common defects in the LDL receptor protein that prevents binding and uptake of LDL by the cell and results in greatly elevated LDL-cholesterol and increased CHD risk
familial hypercholesterolemia
what should I recommend to a child 2 years or older for elevated lipids?
healthy lifestyle/diet
what should I recommend to a child that is 1 year who is overweight or has a family history of obesity, dyslipidemia, or CVD?
low-fat dairy products
in a child over 8 years that has elevated lipids, and who has tried dietary therapy, what can be done?
drug therapy
what is the most common drug used in hypercholesteremia?
statins
what is a frequent side effect of statins?
muscle pain and weakness
how does lipemia affect lipid assays?
causes turbidity
how does bilirubin affect lipid assays?
absorbs light and is a reducing agent
