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Lab Med > Basic Metabolic Panel > Flashcards

Basic Metabolic Panel Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 examples of electrolytes?

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Cl-
  4. HCO3-
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2
Q

what 2 organs control electrolytes?

A

kidneys and lungs

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3
Q

biological electrochemical cells that conduct electricity and control pH and buffers

A

electrolytes

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4
Q

extracellular fluid contains which 3 electrolytes?

A

Na+, Cl-, HCO3

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5
Q

intracellular fluid contains which 3 electrolytes?

A

K+, PO4, Mg2+

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6
Q

the adult body is ____% water

A

60

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7
Q

which electrolyte is the most abundant positively charged particle?

A

Na+

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8
Q

which electrolyte maintains normal cellular water distribution and osmotic pressure?

A

Na+

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9
Q

what are 3 causes of depletional hyponatremia?

A
  1. excessive sweating
  2. losing salt
  3. prolonged vomiting
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10
Q

what causes dilutional hyponatremia?

A

retaining water

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11
Q

what is a patient that presents with muscle twitching, lethargy, hypertension, tachycardia, abdominal cramps, and oliguria/anuria most likely experiencing?

A

hyponatremia

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12
Q

loss of more salt, relative to water

A

excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)

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13
Q

what is a patient that presents with profuse sweating, polyuria, v/d, agitation, fever, thirst, increased viscosity of saliva, rough tongue, dyspnea, and/or respiratory arrest most likely experiencing?

A

hypernatremia

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14
Q

loss of more water relative to salt

A

profuse sweating

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15
Q

what can be used by the body to regulate Na+?

A

ADH

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16
Q

which electrolyte maintains nerve conductivity and muscle contractility?

A

K+

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17
Q

what are 3 causes of hypokalemia?

A
  1. dietary deficiency
  2. alkalosis
  3. insulin therapy
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18
Q

what is a patient that presents with dizziness, hypotension, v/d, anorexia, decreased peristalsis, muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, and cardiac arrest most likely experiencing?

A

hypokalemia

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19
Q

what are 3 causes of hyperkalemia?

A
  1. hemolysis
  2. muscle trauma
  3. impaired renal excretion
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20
Q

what is a patient that presents with tachycardia changing to bradycardia, cardiac arrest, n/d, abdominal cramps, muscle weakness, and flaccid paralysis most likely experiencing?

A

hyperkalemia

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21
Q

what electrolyte should we consider in patients that may require kidney dialysis?

A

K+

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22
Q

which electrolyte’s regulation is linked to Na+ movement by counterbalancing Na+?

A

Cl-

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23
Q

what are 2 causes of hypochloremia?

A
  1. shallowed, depressed breathing
  2. prolonged vomiting
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24
Q

what is a patient that presents with respiratory alkalosis associated with hyponatremia and may progress to metabolic acidosis most likely experiencing?

A

hypochloremia

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25
Q

what is a patient that presents with dehydration, acute renal failure, deep rapid breathing, bicarbonate loss, and prolonged diarrhea most likely experiencing?

A

hyperchloremia

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26
Q

Cl- has a reciprocal relationship with which electrolyte?

A

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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27
Q

what 3 specimens can be used to collect Cl-?

A
  1. serum
  2. plasma
  3. 24 hr urine
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28
Q

the electrolyte that is the 2nd most abundant anion in the ECF and is a major component of acid-base buffer system

A

bicarbonate

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29
Q

bicarbonate is made by the combination of recycled _____ and _____ by carbonic acid

A

CO2; H2O

30
Q

why is bicarbonate not found in urine?

A

it is reabsorbed and reused by the kidneys

31
Q

too little bicarbonate can lead to _____

A

metabolic acidosis

32
Q

too much bicarbonate can lead to _____

A

alkalosis

33
Q

what is a patient that presents with metabolic alkalosis after vomiting, hypokalemia, respiratory acidosis, or excessive alkali intake most likely experiencing?

A

increased blood bicarbonates

34
Q

what is a patient that presents with renal failure, diarrhea, dehydration, or respiratory alkalosis most likely experiencing?

A

decreased blood bicarbonates

35
Q

the process that occurs in the cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of HCO3 and Cl across the membrane of red blood cells

A

chloride shift

36
Q

loss of _____ ions from a RBC causes a positive charge inside the RBC, which is balanced by diffusion of _____ ions from the plasma into the RBC

A

HCO3- ; Cl-

37
Q

electrolyte involved in bone mineralization, muscle contraction, membrane stability, second messenger, and 99% found in bone

A

Ca2+

38
Q

what 3 things regulate Ca2+?

A
  1. calcitonin
  2. vitamin D
  3. PTH
39
Q

most plasma Ca2+ is _____, AKA _____

A

ionized; free

40
Q

some Ca2+ is _____-_____

A

protein-bound

41
Q

Ca2+ pathophysiology that is often asymptomatic

A

hypercalcemia

42
Q

what is a patient that presents with muscle irritability and cardiac irregularity most likely experiencing?

A

hypocalcemia

43
Q

what is the mnemonic for Ca2+ pathophysiology?

A

“painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans”

44
Q

what 3 specimens can be used to test Ca2+?

A
  1. serum
  2. whole blood
  3. 24hr urine
45
Q

why should a collected sample for Ca2+ remained uncapped?

A

pH sensitive / prevent hydrolysis

46
Q

which electrolyte is found in bones, teeth, DNA, RNA, and enzymes?

A

PO4

47
Q

a patient with ____ problems should have phosphorous checked

A

calcium

48
Q

what is a patient that presents with tingling and numbness, DKA, COPD, and excessive antacid use most likely experiencing?

A

hypophosphatemia

49
Q

what is a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis, COPD, parenteral nutrition, excessive antacid use, and alcohol withdrawal most likely to experience?

A

hypophosphatemia

50
Q

what is a patient with acute/chronic renal failure, increased cell breakdown, or lymphoblastic leukemia most likely to experience?

A

hyperphosphatemia

51
Q

2nd most abundant intracellular cation that plays a role in neuromuscular function, enzymatic reactions, glucose/BP control, and energy production

A

Mg2+

52
Q

most Mg2+ is _____, AKA _____

A

ionized; free

53
Q

some Mg2+ is _____-_____

A

protein-bound

54
Q

most Mg2+ is found in _____

A

bones

55
Q

what kind of patient receives Mg2+?

A

cardiac patients

56
Q

what is a patient with chronic alcoholism, childhood malnutrition, acute pancreatitis, prolonged IV feeding, and hyperaldosteronism most likely to experience?

A

hypomagnesemia

57
Q

what is a patient with dehydration, severe diabetic ketoacidosis, and kidney failure most likely to experience?

A

hypermagnesemia

58
Q

difference between positively charged (cations) and negatively charged (anions) particles in the blood

A

anion gap

59
Q

a low anion gap indicates increased unmeasured _____, causing an ______ environment

A

cations; alkaline

60
Q

a high anion gap indicates increased unmeasured _____, causing an ______ environment

A

anions; acidic

61
Q

measure of how much one substance has dissolved into another substance

A

osmolality

62
Q

measured osmolality - calculated osmolality

A

osmolal gap

63
Q

a _____ gap in osmolal indicates abnormal, unmeasured particles in the sample

A

greater

64
Q

what do the kidneys reabsorb and generate?

A

HCO3

65
Q

what do the kidneys combine with H+ for excretion?

A

weak acids

66
Q

tissue-derived CO2 is carried in plasma as _____

A

HCO3

67
Q

what does a pH less than 7.35 and decreased HCO3 indicate?

A

metabolic acidosis

68
Q

what does a pH greater than 7.45 and increased HCO3 indicate?

A

metabolic alkalosis

69
Q

what does a pH less than 7.35 and increased pCO2 indicate?

A

respiratory acidosis

70
Q

what does a pH greater than 7.45 and decreased pCO2 indicate?

A

respiratory alkalosis

Lab Med (19 decks)

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