Basic Metabolic Panel Flashcards
what are the 4 examples of electrolytes?
- Na+
- K+
- Cl-
- HCO3-
what 2 organs control electrolytes?
kidneys and lungs
biological electrochemical cells that conduct electricity and control pH and buffers
electrolytes
extracellular fluid contains which 3 electrolytes?
Na+, Cl-, HCO3
intracellular fluid contains which 3 electrolytes?
K+, PO4, Mg2+
the adult body is ____% water
60
which electrolyte is the most abundant positively charged particle?
Na+
which electrolyte maintains normal cellular water distribution and osmotic pressure?
Na+
what are 3 causes of depletional hyponatremia?
- excessive sweating
- losing salt
- prolonged vomiting
what causes dilutional hyponatremia?
retaining water
what is a patient that presents with muscle twitching, lethargy, hypertension, tachycardia, abdominal cramps, and oliguria/anuria most likely experiencing?
hyponatremia
loss of more salt, relative to water
excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)
what is a patient that presents with profuse sweating, polyuria, v/d, agitation, fever, thirst, increased viscosity of saliva, rough tongue, dyspnea, and/or respiratory arrest most likely experiencing?
hypernatremia
loss of more water relative to salt
profuse sweating
what can be used by the body to regulate Na+?
ADH
which electrolyte maintains nerve conductivity and muscle contractility?
K+
what are 3 causes of hypokalemia?
- dietary deficiency
- alkalosis
- insulin therapy
what is a patient that presents with dizziness, hypotension, v/d, anorexia, decreased peristalsis, muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, and cardiac arrest most likely experiencing?
hypokalemia
what are 3 causes of hyperkalemia?
- hemolysis
- muscle trauma
- impaired renal excretion
what is a patient that presents with tachycardia changing to bradycardia, cardiac arrest, n/d, abdominal cramps, muscle weakness, and flaccid paralysis most likely experiencing?
hyperkalemia
what electrolyte should we consider in patients that may require kidney dialysis?
K+
which electrolyte’s regulation is linked to Na+ movement by counterbalancing Na+?
Cl-
what are 2 causes of hypochloremia?
- shallowed, depressed breathing
- prolonged vomiting
what is a patient that presents with respiratory alkalosis associated with hyponatremia and may progress to metabolic acidosis most likely experiencing?
hypochloremia
what is a patient that presents with dehydration, acute renal failure, deep rapid breathing, bicarbonate loss, and prolonged diarrhea most likely experiencing?
hyperchloremia
Cl- has a reciprocal relationship with which electrolyte?
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
what 3 specimens can be used to collect Cl-?
- serum
- plasma
- 24 hr urine
the electrolyte that is the 2nd most abundant anion in the ECF and is a major component of acid-base buffer system
bicarbonate
bicarbonate is made by the combination of recycled _____ and _____ by carbonic acid
CO2; H2O
why is bicarbonate not found in urine?
it is reabsorbed and reused by the kidneys
too little bicarbonate can lead to _____
metabolic acidosis
too much bicarbonate can lead to _____
alkalosis
what is a patient that presents with metabolic alkalosis after vomiting, hypokalemia, respiratory acidosis, or excessive alkali intake most likely experiencing?
increased blood bicarbonates
what is a patient that presents with renal failure, diarrhea, dehydration, or respiratory alkalosis most likely experiencing?
decreased blood bicarbonates
the process that occurs in the cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of HCO3 and Cl across the membrane of red blood cells
chloride shift
loss of _____ ions from a RBC causes a positive charge inside the RBC, which is balanced by diffusion of _____ ions from the plasma into the RBC
HCO3- ; Cl-
electrolyte involved in bone mineralization, muscle contraction, membrane stability, second messenger, and 99% found in bone
Ca2+
what 3 things regulate Ca2+?
- calcitonin
- vitamin D
- PTH
most plasma Ca2+ is _____, AKA _____
ionized; free
some Ca2+ is _____-_____
protein-bound
Ca2+ pathophysiology that is often asymptomatic
hypercalcemia
what is a patient that presents with muscle irritability and cardiac irregularity most likely experiencing?
hypocalcemia
what is the mnemonic for Ca2+ pathophysiology?
“painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans”
what 3 specimens can be used to test Ca2+?
- serum
- whole blood
- 24hr urine
why should a collected sample for Ca2+ remained uncapped?
pH sensitive / prevent hydrolysis
which electrolyte is found in bones, teeth, DNA, RNA, and enzymes?
PO4
a patient with ____ problems should have phosphorous checked
calcium
what is a patient that presents with tingling and numbness, DKA, COPD, and excessive antacid use most likely experiencing?
hypophosphatemia
what is a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis, COPD, parenteral nutrition, excessive antacid use, and alcohol withdrawal most likely to experience?
hypophosphatemia
what is a patient with acute/chronic renal failure, increased cell breakdown, or lymphoblastic leukemia most likely to experience?
hyperphosphatemia
2nd most abundant intracellular cation that plays a role in neuromuscular function, enzymatic reactions, glucose/BP control, and energy production
Mg2+
most Mg2+ is _____, AKA _____
ionized; free
some Mg2+ is _____-_____
protein-bound
most Mg2+ is found in _____
bones
what kind of patient receives Mg2+?
cardiac patients
what is a patient with chronic alcoholism, childhood malnutrition, acute pancreatitis, prolonged IV feeding, and hyperaldosteronism most likely to experience?
hypomagnesemia
what is a patient with dehydration, severe diabetic ketoacidosis, and kidney failure most likely to experience?
hypermagnesemia
difference between positively charged (cations) and negatively charged (anions) particles in the blood
anion gap
a low anion gap indicates increased unmeasured _____, causing an ______ environment
cations; alkaline
a high anion gap indicates increased unmeasured _____, causing an ______ environment
anions; acidic
measure of how much one substance has dissolved into another substance
osmolality
measured osmolality - calculated osmolality
osmolal gap
a _____ gap in osmolal indicates abnormal, unmeasured particles in the sample
greater
what do the kidneys reabsorb and generate?
HCO3
what do the kidneys combine with H+ for excretion?
weak acids
tissue-derived CO2 is carried in plasma as _____
HCO3
what does a pH less than 7.35 and decreased HCO3 indicate?
metabolic acidosis
what does a pH greater than 7.45 and increased HCO3 indicate?
metabolic alkalosis
what does a pH less than 7.35 and increased pCO2 indicate?
respiratory acidosis
what does a pH greater than 7.45 and decreased pCO2 indicate?
respiratory alkalosis
