Hematology 2

Question 1

increased WBCs

Answer 1

leukocytosis

Question 2

what is leukocytosis reactive to? how does it react?

Answer 2

toxic changes
shifts to the left (immaturity)

Question 3

what would we expect to see in WBCs in a malignant state?

Answer 3

more immature and abnormal cells

Question 4

decreased WBCs

Answer 4

leukopenia

Question 5

what are 4 causes of leukopenia? (MOAD)

Answer 5

myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
overwhelming infection
aplastic anemia
drugs

Question 6

what lab determines the concentration of each WBC type?

Answer 6

leukocyte differential

Question 7

what should we suspect if we see increased lymphocytes and reactive forms?

Answer 7

viral infection

Question 8

what should we suspect if we see increased PMNs (neutrophils)? (3)

Answer 8

bacterial infection
inflammation
stress

Question 9

what are 2 key features of a benign process?

Answer 9

increased WBC
shift to the left (immature)

Question 10

what are 3 reactive qualitative changes seen in a benign process?

Answer 10

toxic granules
vacuoles
dohle bodies

Question 11

an increase in WBCs once our problem is fixed; reversible

Answer 11

leukemoid reaction

Question 12

what process can mimic leukemia?

Answer 12

leukemoid reaction

Question 13

deeply staining blue-black, large granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils

Answer 13

toxic granulation

Question 14

what are toxic granulations associated with? (3)

Answer 14

acute bacterial infection
burns
drug poisoning

Question 15

small round or oval, clear/light blue staining areas in the neutrophil cytoplasm, that are RNA remnants of earlier stage

Answer 15

dohle body

Question 16

what are dohle bodies associated with? (4) BITP

Answer 16

burns
infections
toxic exposure
pregnancy

Question 17

reactive lymphocytes that are smaller in size, have an indented to lobulated nucleus, and are cytoplasmic granules

Answer 17

type I

Question 18

the most common type of reactive lymphocytes that are darker at the periphery and molds around RBCs

Answer 18

type II

Question 19

reactive lymphocytes that are called “immunoblasts”, look like fine-coarse chromatin, have a nucleoli, and a deeply basophilic cytoplasm

Answer 19

type III

Question 20

large cells with abundant blue cytoplasm and lighter staining chromatin

Answer 20

reactive, atypical, or variant lymphocytes

Question 21

what test causes enlarged lymph nodes and tonsils to have a purple/black and furry discoloration with white exudate?

Answer 21

monospot

Question 22

what are 4 key features of a malignant process?

Answer 22

WBC increased (usually)
shift to the left
+ blasts
normal, inc., or dec. PLTs

Question 23

what is due to a mutation in proto-oncogenes that become oncogenes?

Answer 23

neoplasms

Question 24

oncogenes code for proteins that control the cell’s: (4)

Answer 24

growth
proliferation
differentiation
apoptosis

Question 25

in a neoplasm, why do all WBCs have a similar morphology?

Answer 25

the cell is being replicated over and over again

Question 26

what blast count is necessary for an acute leukemia diagnosis?

Answer 26

> 20%

Question 27

what are the 3 criteria for the WHO classification of hematopoietic neoplasms?

Answer 27

percent of blasts degree of cell maturation presence and degree of dysplasia

Question 28

which classification of neoplasms has more immature myeloblasts?

Answer 28

myeloid

Question 29

which classification of neoplasms has more immature lymphoblasts?

Answer 29

lymphoid

Question 30

what 3 things determine cell lineage and stage of maturation?

Answer 30

morphology cytochemistry immunophenotype (flow cytometry)

Question 31

the microanatomical location of chemical products in the cell

Answer 31

cytochemistry

Question 32

measures the antibodies that are present on the cell surface

Answer 32

flow cytometry

Question 33

what 2 things determine cell subgroup?

Answer 33

cytogenetics molecular genetics

Question 34

the study of tissue, blood, or bone marrow - looking at cells closely via manual imaging through a microscope

Answer 34

cytogenetics

Question 35

gives us the structure and function of a cell

Answer 35

molecular genetics

Question 36

neoplasm of the bone marrow in which the stem cell is abnormal

Answer 36

myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN)

Question 37

what is the blast percentage in myeloproliferative neoplasms?

Answer 37

less than 20%

Question 38

what is the most well known myeloproliferative neoplasm?

Answer 38

CML - chronic myelogenous leukemia

Question 39

genetic mutation that results in abnormal proliferation of immature cells and a lack of cell maturation, leading to an increase in blasts (over 20%)

Answer 39

acute leukemia

Question 40

one or more peripheral blood cytopenia with prominent maturation abnormalities

Answer 40

myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

Question 41

what can myelodysplastic syndrome lead to?

Answer 41

acute leukemia

Question 42

what percentage of blasts are present in MDS?

Answer 42

less than 20%

Question 43

lymphoma that occurs in young adults and presents with reed-sternberg tumor cells; treatable and often cured

Answer 43

hodgkins lymphoma

Question 44

where does hodgkins lymphoma usually arise?

Answer 44

cervical lymph nodes

Question 45

aggressive lymphoma that responsive to treatment if spreading quickly, or less responsive if slow growing and indolent

Answer 45

non-hodgkins lymphoma

Question 46

where does non-hodgkins lymphoma arise?

Answer 46

lymph nodes anywhere in the body

Question 47

leukemia primarily involves what?

Answer 47

bone marrow

Question 48

lymphoma primarily involves what?

Answer 48

lymph nodes

Question 49

what does a B cell develop into when it encounters an antigen?

Answer 49

plasma cell

Question 50

what is a plasma cell that becomes cancerous and grows out of control called?

Answer 50

multiple myeloma

Question 51

what abnormal protein/antibody do abnormal plasma cells make?

Answer 51

monoclonal immunoglobin (protein); M-protein

Question 52

what do malignant plasma cells stimulate, resulting in weak bones?

Answer 52

osteoclasts