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Lab Med > Hematology 2 > Flashcards

Hematology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

increased WBCs

A

leukocytosis

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2
Q

what is leukocytosis reactive to? how does it react?

A

toxic changes
shifts to the left (immaturity)

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3
Q

what would we expect to see in WBCs in a malignant state?

A

more immature and abnormal cells

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4
Q

decreased WBCs

A

leukopenia

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5
Q

what are 4 causes of leukopenia? (MOAD)

A

myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
overwhelming infection
aplastic anemia
drugs

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6
Q

what lab determines the concentration of each WBC type?

A

leukocyte differential

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7
Q

what should we suspect if we see increased lymphocytes and reactive forms?

A

viral infection

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8
Q

what should we suspect if we see increased PMNs (neutrophils)? (3)

A

bacterial infection
inflammation
stress

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9
Q

what are 2 key features of a benign process?

A

increased WBC
shift to the left (immature)

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10
Q

what are 3 reactive qualitative changes seen in a benign process?

A

toxic granules
vacuoles
dohle bodies

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11
Q

an increase in WBCs once our problem is fixed; reversible

A

leukemoid reaction

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12
Q

what process can mimic leukemia?

A

leukemoid reaction

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13
Q

deeply staining blue-black, large granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils

A

toxic granulation

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14
Q

what are toxic granulations associated with? (3)

A

acute bacterial infection
burns
drug poisoning

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15
Q

small round or oval, clear/light blue staining areas in the neutrophil cytoplasm, that are RNA remnants of earlier stage

A

dohle body

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16
Q

what are dohle bodies associated with? (4) BITP

A

burns
infections
toxic exposure
pregnancy

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17
Q

reactive lymphocytes that are smaller in size, have an indented to lobulated nucleus, and are cytoplasmic granules

A

type I

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18
Q

the most common type of reactive lymphocytes that are darker at the periphery and molds around RBCs

A

type II

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19
Q

reactive lymphocytes that are called “immunoblasts”, look like fine-coarse chromatin, have a nucleoli, and a deeply basophilic cytoplasm

A

type III

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20
Q

large cells with abundant blue cytoplasm and lighter staining chromatin

A

reactive, atypical, or variant lymphocytes

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21
Q

what test causes enlarged lymph nodes and tonsils to have a purple/black and furry discoloration with white exudate?

A

monospot

22
Q

what are 4 key features of a malignant process?

A

WBC increased (usually)
shift to the left
+ blasts
normal, inc., or dec. PLTs

23
Q

what is due to a mutation in proto-oncogenes that become oncogenes?

A

neoplasms

24
Q

oncogenes code for proteins that control the cell’s: (4)

A

growth
proliferation
differentiation
apoptosis

25
Q

in a neoplasm, why do all WBCs have a similar morphology?

A

the cell is being replicated over and over again

26
Q

what blast count is necessary for an acute leukemia diagnosis?

A

> 20%

27
Q

what are the 3 criteria for the WHO classification of hematopoietic neoplasms?

A

percent of blasts

degree of cell maturation

presence and degree of dysplasia

28
Q

which classification of neoplasms has more immature myeloblasts?

A

myeloid

29
Q

which classification of neoplasms has more immature lymphoblasts?

A

lymphoid

30
Q

what 3 things determine cell lineage and stage of maturation?

A

morphology
cytochemistry
immunophenotype (flow cytometry)

31
Q

the microanatomical location of chemical products in the cell

A

cytochemistry

32
Q

measures the antibodies that are present on the cell surface

A

flow cytometry

33
Q

what 2 things determine cell subgroup?

A

cytogenetics
molecular genetics

34
Q

the study of tissue, blood, or bone marrow - looking at cells closely via manual imaging through a microscope

A

cytogenetics

35
Q

gives us the structure and function of a cell

A

molecular genetics

36
Q

neoplasm of the bone marrow in which the stem cell is abnormal

A

myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN)

37
Q

what is the blast percentage in myeloproliferative neoplasms?

A

less than 20%

38
Q

what is the most well known myeloproliferative neoplasm?

A

CML - chronic myelogenous leukemia

39
Q

genetic mutation that results in abnormal proliferation of immature cells and a lack of cell maturation, leading to an increase in blasts (over 20%)

A

acute leukemia

40
Q

one or more peripheral blood cytopenia with prominent maturation abnormalities

A

myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

41
Q

what can myelodysplastic syndrome lead to?

A

acute leukemia

42
Q

what percentage of blasts are present in MDS?

A

less than 20%

43
Q

lymphoma that occurs in young adults and presents with reed-sternberg tumor cells; treatable and often cured

A

hodgkins lymphoma

44
Q

where does hodgkins lymphoma usually arise?

A

cervical lymph nodes

45
Q

aggressive lymphoma that responsive to treatment if spreading quickly, or less responsive if slow growing and indolent

A

non-hodgkins lymphoma

46
Q

where does non-hodgkins lymphoma arise?

A

lymph nodes anywhere in the body

47
Q

leukemia primarily involves what?

A

bone marrow

48
Q

lymphoma primarily involves what?

A

lymph nodes

49
Q

what does a B cell develop into when it encounters an antigen?

A

plasma cell

50
Q

what is a plasma cell that becomes cancerous and grows out of control called?

A

multiple myeloma

51
Q

what abnormal protein/antibody do abnormal plasma cells make?

A

monoclonal immunoglobin (protein); M-protein

52
Q

what do malignant plasma cells stimulate, resulting in weak bones?

A

osteoclasts

Lab Med (19 decks)

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