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Lab Med > Hematology 1 > Flashcards

Hematology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

science of blood and the blood forming tissues

A

hematology

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2
Q

condition with diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

A

anemia

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3
Q

failure to produce or release mature forms of cells into the peripheral blood or cells destroyed in marrow

A

ineffective hematopoiesis

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4
Q

formation of blood cells in sites other than bone marrow; primarily liver and spleen

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

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5
Q

destruction of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

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6
Q

thin film of EDTA anticoagulated blood on a glass slide; stained and examined microscopically

A

peripheral blood smear

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7
Q

an increase in the immature forms of cells in the peripheral blood

A

shift to the left

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8
Q

blood cell production that starts before birth and continues throughout life

A

hematopoiesis

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9
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in an embryo?

A

yolk sac

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10
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in a fetus? (4)

A

thymus
spleen
liver
bone marrow

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11
Q

where does hematopoiesis primarily occur after birth?

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

in hematopoiesis, what are the 3 protein stimulators?

A

erythropoietin
thrombopoietin
interleukins

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13
Q

in hematopoiesis, what are the 2 protein inhibitors?

A

interferons
lymphotoxins

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14
Q

where is erythropoietin produced?

A

kidneys

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15
Q

what are the 3 granulocytes of WBCs? (BEN)

A

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

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16
Q

how is a differential done?

A

manual peripheral blood smear

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17
Q

which 2 tubes can be used for a bone marrow biopsy?

A

EDTA
sodium-heparin

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18
Q

measures the amount of protein that transports oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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19
Q

measures packed RBCs

A

hematocrit

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20
Q

parameters that reveal size and amount of Hgb in individual RBCs

A

RBC indices

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21
Q

average size of RBCs

A

MCV

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22
Q

average amount of Hgb in RBCs

A

MCH

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23
Q

average concentration of Hgb in RBCs

A

MCHC

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24
Q

variability in RBCs volumes (shape of RBC)

A

RDW

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25
Q

mean platelet volume

A

PLT

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26
Q

% of each individual type of WBC present

A

differential

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27
Q

why do males have more RBCs than females?

A

they have androgens that stimulate hematopoiesis

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28
Q

how to calculate MCV?

A

Hct/RBC

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29
Q

how to calculate MCHC?

A

Hgb/Hct

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30
Q

what does an increase in RDW mean?

A

increased variation in volume/size

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31
Q

what would inclusions in a blood smear indicate?

A

infection

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32
Q

what would granulation in a blood smear indicate?

A

toxicity

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33
Q

poikilocytosis

A

abnormal shape

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34
Q

anisocytosis

A

variation in size

35
Q

immature RBC with residual RNA; newly released from bone marrow

A

reticulocyte

36
Q

protein in blood that carries free hemoglobin to liver for metabolism & excretion

A

haptoglobin

37
Q

breakdown product of heme catabolism

A

bilirubin

38
Q

why is there an increased level of reticulocytes in anemia?

A

not being transformed into mature RBCs (erythrocytes)

39
Q

information about bone marrow output of RBCs

A

reticulocyte count

40
Q

information about rate of destruction of RBCs

A

bilirubin

41
Q

lab that gives information about cause of microcytic anemias

A

iron studies

42
Q

what 2 labs give information about the cause of macrocytic anemia

A

folic acid
B12

43
Q

what time frame does retic indices reflect changes?

A

in the last 18-24 hrs

44
Q

retic Hb content in real time; measures the functional availability of iron during Hb synthesis

A

CHr

45
Q

what does a decreased level of CHr indicate?

A

early marker of iron-restricted erythropoiesis

46
Q

what lab value is the strongest predictor of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in children < 2 yo?

A

CHr

47
Q

why do we use CHr in regards to kidney disease?

A

assess iron status of patients with CKD on hemodialysis who are receiving EPO and IV iron

48
Q

what are 2 examples of microcytic and hypochromic anemia?

A

iron deficiency
thalassemia

49
Q

what are 2 examples of normocytic and normochromic anemia?

A

aplastic
sickle cell

50
Q

what are 4 examples of macrocytic and normochromic anemia?

A

Pernicious anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Liver disease

51
Q

what is the most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

iron deficiency

52
Q

decreased hemoglobin production due to insufficient iron

A

iron deficiency

53
Q

inherited microcytic hypochromic anemia, due to decreased hemoglobin production

A

thalassemia

54
Q

lab that indicates the total volume of iron the body stores

A

serum ferritin

55
Q

transfers iron through the blood to various tissues

A

transferrin

56
Q

protein capacity to carry iron

A

TIBC

57
Q

excess iron that can no longer be stored as ferritin

A

hemosiderin

58
Q

where is transferrin produced?

A

liver

59
Q

what happens if iron is low in the body?

A

body makes more transferrin to bind iron and increase cellular uptake

60
Q

what is serum ferritin in microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

low

61
Q

what is TIBC in microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

normal-high

62
Q

what is serum iron level in microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

low

63
Q

what is % saturation in microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

low

64
Q

how to treat microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

iron + stool softener

65
Q

after treating microcytic hypochromic anemia with iron, what should we do if the patient is still anemic and microcytic?

A

do hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine presence of thalassemia

66
Q

who is thalassemia common in?

A

african americans
SE asians

67
Q

what is the most common normocytic normochromic anemia?

A

Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)

68
Q

what is Anemia of Chronic Disease also known as?

A

Anemia of Inflammation (AI)

69
Q

what is serum iron in normocytic normochromic anemias?

A

low

70
Q

what is serum ferritin in normocytic normochromic anemias?

A

increased

71
Q

what is TIBC in normocytic normochromic anemias?

A

normal-low

72
Q

what can normocytic normochromic lead to in long standing cases?

A

microcytic hypochromic

73
Q

a result of mutation in beta gene resulting in a mutant hemoglobin, Hb S, forming rigid aggregates

A

sickle cell anemia

74
Q

how can sickle cell anemia be diagnosed? (2)

A

solubility test
Hb electrophoresis

75
Q

hypo proliferative anemia that leads to pancytopenia

A

aplastic anemia

76
Q

to diagnose aplastic anemia, bone marrow must be at <25% + low: (2)

A

granuloctye count
plt count

77
Q

what is the follow up test for macrocytic anemia?

A

blood smear

78
Q

reticulocytosis associated with hemolysis due to a hemorrhagic event

A

macrocytic anemia

79
Q

what is MCV in macrocytic anemia?

A

elevated

80
Q

in alcoholism, if MCV > 110, what should we look for?

A

megaloblastosis due to folate deficiency

81
Q

what cause of macrocytic anemia has an effect on RBC membrane, present target cells, and can also be hemolytic?

A

liver disease

82
Q

what anemia indicates vitamin B12 or folate deficiency?

A

megaloblastic anemia

83
Q

the presence of what is highly sensitive and specific for megaloblastic anemia?

A

hyper-segmented neutrophils

84
Q

in megaloblastic anemia, what value increases with feeding?

A

serum folate

Lab Med (19 decks)

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