Linguistics Notes Flashcards
Disciplines of linguistics:
- Core disciplines
◦ phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, stylistics, pragmatics, lexicography, historical linguistics, philosophy of language- Applied linguistics
◦ language pedagogy, second language acquisition, forensic linguistics, discourse analysis - Inter-disciplinary disciplines
◦ sociolinguistics, neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, …
- Applied linguistics
phonetics =
study sound without reference to their function in the given sound system
phonology =
study sound in the coontext of the specific sound system
types of phonetics
◦ articulatory (how the sound is made)
◦ acoustic (how the sound travels)
◦ auditory (how we receive sound)
phoneme =, what it consists of
abstract unit made by Trubetzkoy, consists of allophones = actual sounds interpreted as one phoneme despite phonetic differences e.g. T is one phoneme, but has many allophones (T in water, still, time) = can be many different sounds
vowel=
sound defined by the position of the tongue
about vowels
monophthongs (a, e, i, o, u), diphthongs (ae, io, eu,…), triphthongs
long and short
usually voiced
conosants=
defined by the contacts and movements of various articulatory means (= lips, teeth, tongue)
3 crucial aspect of conosants
▪ place (bilabial)
▪ manner (plosive = you stop at their end, you produce a short sound, e.g. b, p, t)
▪ energy (voiced/voiceless)
markedness=
created by PLC,
◦ characterises a contrast between two members of a pair
◦ *pairs of one “usually” used (unmarked) and one “unusual” word (marked) in certain terms, e.g. lion is unmarked, while lioness is marked
◦ = “I saw a bunch of lions” doesn’t necessarily specify gender
rhoticity=
presence or absence of the R sound
link between a thing a a sound pattern
linguistic sign
2 aspects of linguistic sign
1) material - the sounds
2) conceptual - meaning
Saussure 3 interpretations of language
1) LANGUE - system of sounds used by member of language community
2) PAROLE - utilisation of the system to create concrete utterances
3) LANGAGE - langue + parole
phonological system
consists of all the levels of langugage:
- morposyntactic level
- lexico-semantic level
- discourse level
+ the phonic material they need to function
2 aspects analysed by phonetics:
1) speaker (producer)
2) listener (reciever)
basic element of phonetics
sound segment
2 methods of phonetic ivestigation:
1) subjective - absorbation through senses
2) experimental - technical measurements (Piere Rouselot, 1899)
physiological aspects of speech
1) Respiration
2) Phonation
3) Modification
3 classes of allophones
1) combinatory
2) individual
3) expressive
features of phonology (by Trubetzkoy)
- permanents f.
a) vocalic character
b) consonatal character
c) heigh
d) localization
e) manner
f) timbre
g) nasality
h) quantity - f. capable of neutralization
a) tension
b) aspiration
c) recursion
3 types of phonological apposition:
1) privative - two different phonemes, one has some feature and one doesn’t
2) gradual - a feature present in both, but different grade
3) equipollent - pair different ins several features
.+ bonus
4)prepositional - can be more than 1 pair
5) isolated - in 1 pair only
Jakobson-Halle’s Binaristic Phonological Theory
- phonemes have binary apposition
- appositions are only about + presennce/-absence of a feture
- 2 categories of features:
1) prosodic - within a syllable (tone, force, grantity)
2) inherent - without regard to the role they play within a syllable
study of words and their meaning
lexicology
lexicology - what it studies
total word stock, individual words
the world around us, ideas, actions and imaginary reality
extra-linguistic reality
one word or an association of several words
lexeme/lexical unit
sequence of sounds (or its representation in writing) that communicates meaning (expresses an idea)
Word (not compound)
stable/institutionalised collocations whose meaning (sememe) cannot be derived from its parts
phrase (linguistic, not grammatical)
word consisting of one morpheme and a meaningless stem
Moneme
linguistic sign (sign = something that stands for something and has a meaning and a form)
Lexeme
studies structure of words=
morphology
minimal unit of meaning/grammatical function
morpheme
2 functions of free morphemes
a) lexical - carry lexical meaning by themselves
b) functional - conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns
2 functions of bound morpheme (-s, ‘s, ing, ed, er, est)
a) inflectional - grammatical relationship
b) derivational - can create new words (re-, -ness, -ish, -ment, -ful)
compound relationships
a) visually (modifier + head)
b) copulative (head + head), eg. washer-dyer
c) exo-centric - doesn’t refer to the referent directly, eg. pick-pocket (not a type of pocket)
d) neo-classical - astro-, neo- geo-
Affixes
1) prefix - exgusband
2) sufix - friendly
3) infix - abso-bloody-lately
4) conversion - dance -> to dance
5) borrowing - other languages
minor ford formation process
a) blending - smoke + fog = smog
b) clipping - ad/vertisment, ham/burgers
c) acronyming - CD, NATO, UNESCO
d) back-formation - edition -> edit, donation -> donate
e) reduplication - tap-tap, tip-top, bye-bye
Jaakobson’s functions
1) REFERANTIAL - context, describing situation…
2) POETIC - message, poetry, slogans
3) EMOTIVE - relates to sender
4) CONATIVE - relates to receiver
5) PHATIC - channel, hello?/ok?/bye, to mantain/close/verify communication channel
6) METALNGUAL - code, language describing itself
Bühler’s functions
1) representational - context
2) expressive/emotive - sender, feelings
3) directive - reciever
