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Unfinished Nation > Linguistics > Flashcards

Linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

The most extreme or typical realizations of the various positions in which vowels are pronounced are called

A

cardinal vowels

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2
Q

The discipline that studies how sounds are formed in the mouth, the gloths and the nasal cavity is called

A

articulatory phonetics

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3
Q

Name the underlined morpheme in the word happiness

A

free morpheme

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4
Q

Name the word formation process that gave rise to the following word to bottle

A

conversion with zero derivation

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5
Q

Languages that express grammatical relations through word order and free grammatical morphemes are called

A

analytic languages

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6
Q

What is the following structure called in the phrase grammar?:
“This is one of the first tests IM THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT.”

A

adverbial phrase

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7
Q

Give an example of a synsemantic part of speech:

A

the, a, from, to, he, she

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8
Q

What kind of word formation process results in the merger of two words, such as information + entertainment → infotainment

A

blending

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9
Q

The superordinate term from the pair rose v. flower is called:

A

hypernym

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10
Q

Semantic categorization of concepts into a clear centre and fuzzy periphery:

A

semantic prototype

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11
Q

In pragmatics, the ways in which links are estabilished between sentences

A

cohesion

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12
Q

Halliday’s functions corresponding to the three components of register:

A

Function 1: ideational f. (field)
Function 2: interpersonal (tenor)
Function 3: textual (mode)

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13
Q

Jacobson’s funcion which focuses on the code:

A

Metalinguistic function

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14
Q

The philosopher who introduced the theory of speech acts:

A

J.L Austin

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15
Q

Geographical, social, etc. varieties of language are called:

A

dialects

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16
Q

Linguistics studying language at a particular:

A

synchronic linguistics

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17
Q

What part of England is linguistically more progressive?

A

London? :D

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18
Q

The name of a new variety spoken in the Greater London area since the 1980s:

A

Estuary English

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19
Q

The beginning of the Middle English period was around the year:

A

1100

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20
Q

The most famous literary work from the Old English period is:

A

Beowulf

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21
Q

What was the result of William Caxton’s technical innovation on the English language after 1476?

A

Printing press -> standardization of different dialects of English

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22
Q

The ground-breaking work Cours de linguistique générale was written by:

A

Charles Bally & Albert Sechehaye (from Ferdiand de Saussure’s notes)

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23
Q

The actual linguistic realizations through which the underlying structure of the linguistic system can be studied is called:

A

parole

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24
Q

In semiotics, the element of the liguistic sign that is the physical vehicle (e.g. sound) for conveying some meaning is called:

A

Signifier / Signifiant

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25
Q

The main figure in formal linguistics – a representative of transformation and generative grammar – is:

A

Noam Chomsky

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26
Q

What school of linguistics did Nikola Trubeckoy belong to?

A

Prague school

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27
Q

One of the properties of language referring to the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning:

A

arbitrariness

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28
Q

Identify the type of compound: anotary public/ an attorney general:

A

germanic type/ french type

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29
Q

Pragmatic maxims (kdo to vymyslel):

A

Paul Grice

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30
Q

William Labov (what school):

A

sociolinguistics

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31
Q

Co je za morpheme happiness:

A

bound derivational morpheme

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32
Q

This is one of THE FIRST TESTS in English department:

A

noun phrase

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33
Q

Language function podle Jackobsona spojená s channel:

A

phatic

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34
Q

vyznamne dielo z middle english period:

A

Canterbury tales

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35
Q

Ako sa volaju tie znaky ktorymi sa zapisuje vyslovnost:

A

phonetic alphabet

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36
Q

Jak dostaneme z Laboratory -> Lab

A

clipping

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37
Q

Example of autosemantical part of speech:

A

beautiful

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38
Q

What word formation give rise to word “to carpet”:

A

conversion with zero derivation

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39
Q

Konec Old English obdobia:

A

1100

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40
Q

Predstavitel Swiss school:

A

Ferdinand de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale

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41
Q

Popular London dialect:

A

Cockney

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42
Q

Rose v. Flower, subordinant term:

A

hyponymy

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43
Q

The study of linguistic change:

A

diachronic linguistics

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44
Q

Logical unity of text:

A

coherence

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45
Q

Jaký typ jazyků používá inflection:

A

synthetic

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46
Q

Jaký typ compounding je couch potato:

A

exocentric

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47
Q

Abstract unit of meaning of asentence či co

A

semantic proposition

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48
Q

Unit of meaning, not physically carrying meaning:

A

sememe

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49
Q

Language functions podle Bühlerova Organon modelu:

A
  1. referential
  2. expressive
  3. conative
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50
Q

Velká změna ve výslovnosti z Early Modern Period:

A

Great Vowel Shift

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51
Q

Která část Anglie je z jazykového hlediska nejkonzervativnější:

A

North - rural areas

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52
Q

Language which uses case endings to express grammatical relations in a sentence:

A

Inflected / synthetic

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53
Q

Underlying language system:

A

Langue

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54
Q

Epic poetry:

A

referential function

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55
Q

Lyric poetry:

A

emotive/expressive function

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56
Q

Poetry in 2nd person (religious texts):

A

conative function

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57
Q

Henry Sweet:

A

phonetics

58
Q

Nikolai Sergeyevitsch Trubetzkoy:

A

phonology

59
Q

Noam Chomsky – Linguistic Society of America:

A

Generative School

60
Q

Maxims:

A

Paul Grice

61
Q

Set of symbols used in dictionaries:

A

phonetic alphabet

62
Q

A type of sign which is based on learned conventional relationship between the form of the sign and the object, eg a red light as a signal to traffic, any word with the property of arbitrariness, shapes of letters of the alphabet and shapes of numerals:

A

Symbol

63
Q

Word formation - Ad < Advertisement:

A

clipping

64
Q

What kind of compound word is blue-green?

A

Copulative

65
Q

What Czech linguist founded Prague school?

A

Vilém Mathesius, especially his idea of functional syntax in linguistic characterology of language

66
Q

What do you call BBC English/British English/Queen’s English?

A

Standard English

67
Q

Jakobson’s function in connection with the code

A

it is metalinguistic/metalingual function

68
Q

Bühlers function in connection with the context

A

it is referential/representational

69
Q

What words were considered as natural sound source or something like that (what words started language basically)

A

onomatopoeic words (for example: meow)

70
Q

What morpheme is abso-bloody-lutely

A

infix

71
Q

narrow → to narrow

A

conversion

72
Q

Apart from prosody, what do you call the stress/intonation/rhythm?

A

suprasegmentals

73
Q

What is it called when bilingual people mix the languages in one sentence

A

code switching

74
Q

The dialect thing - based on the pronunciation of words differently in different spaces

A

regional accent

75
Q

What do you call linguistics dealing with sign communication

A

semiotics

76
Q

What is the pragmatic maxim that makes people tell the truth in a conversation

A

maxim of quality

77
Q

What is the name of the line which separates dialects(or languages) on a map

A

isogloss

78
Q

something about a common language that someone (colonists, I think ? ) used somewhere

A

Lingua franca = language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect

79
Q

The study of speech sounds seen as basic units in a structural systém?

A

Phonetics

80
Q

Property of language referring to its flexibility to make new expressions, etc.?

A

creativity/generativity

81
Q

A type of complex word which consists of initial letters of its components

A

acronym

82
Q

Word based on the combination of two phonetically identical/similar morphemes?

A

reduplication

83
Q

A type of language expressing grammatical relations through word order, not cases?

A

Analytical language/isolating language

84
Q

A type of linguistic analysis that considers the historical development of ling, forms?

A

Historical linguistics/diachronic linguistics

85
Q

A bound morpheme that helps speakers create new words from an existing base?

A

Derivational morpheme

86
Q

Words pronounced the same but having different spellings and meanings?

A

homophones

87
Q

Halliday’s function that concentrates on the content of communication?

A

Interpersonal function

88
Q

The transfer from one’s mother language leading to errors when using L2?

A

Interference

89
Q

Bühler’s function that describes the focus on the listener?

A

conative function

90
Q

A collection of texts compiled for the purposes of linguistic analysis?

A

corpus

91
Q

The concepts of ‘theme’ and ‘rheme’ are part of which linguistic theory?

A

functional or systemic theories of linguistics, particularly with the Prague School of Linguistics and later developed by Michael Halliday in Systemic Functional Linguistics (The concepts of ‘theme’ and ‘rheme’ are part of which linguistic theory?SFL).

92
Q

The study of the rules which help us combine words into sentences?

A

syntax

93
Q

A variety of language determined by the communicative situation or domain?

A

register

94
Q

The prestigious norm of a language codified in grammars and dictionaries?

A

Standard language

95
Q

A term for a word that is unanalysable into two morphemes - only one constituent is a real morpheme, the other one is a meaningless stem, e.g. Monday, cranberry?

A

Cranberry morhpeme

96
Q

Name the word formation process: breakfast + lunch brunch?

A

blending

97
Q

Approximate beginning of the Middle English period?

A

1100

98
Q

Pairs of lexical items that are formally similar in languages but different in meaning?

A

cognates

99
Q

A heroic epic poem important for the study of Old English?

A

Beowulf

100
Q

A new word in a language?

A

neologism

101
Q

In Chomsky’s terminology, what is the opposite of performance?

A

competence

102
Q
A
103
Q

What linguistic discipline is John Searle a representative of?

A

philosophy of language” or “philosophical linguistics

104
Q

Traditional working-class variety of English localised to East London?

A

Cockney

105
Q

Which branch of Indo-European languages does English belong to?

A

West Germanic

106
Q

An imaginary line on a map separating two dialect areas

A

dialectal boundary

107
Q
A
108
Q

A process of word formation in which a new word is produced by shortening, eg ad?

A

clipping

109
Q

A subordinate term, ie, a lexical unit specifying an item in a set or class, e.g. tulip flower?

A

hyponym

110
Q

Any language which developed on the basis of a pidgin

A

Tok Pisin

111
Q

subject matter of the situation, what are you talking about (science, advertising, law…):

A

field/domain

112
Q

Relation between speaker and hearer (participants), different formality (friend to friend):

A

tenor

113
Q

Textual organization/formal shape of the message (choice between written or spoken medium, thematic organization) + functional style: scientific, artistic…:

A

mode

114
Q

Ability of language to temporally and spatially distant things:

A

displacement

115
Q

Language of 2 mutually understanding groups:

A

pidgin

116
Q

Language that uses suffixes to express time, …:

A

inflected/synthetic

117
Q

Word that cannot be divided into two morphemes:

A

moneme

118
Q

New word made up for a single occasion:

A

nonce word

119
Q

Who established czech teaching of “Anglistice”:

A

V. Mathesius (English seminar at FF UK), F. Chudoba (Brno English studies)

120
Q

Who established phonology:

A

Nikolai Sergeyevitsch Trubetzkoy

121
Q

What function / part of language is used to speak about language:

A

Metalinguistic function

122
Q

Morphological branches:

A

inflectional/derivational

123
Q

What school - Roman Jacobson:

A

Prague School

124
Q

Noam Chomsky was part of:

A

The Linguistic Society of America

125
Q

Leonard Bloomfield was part of:

A

The Linguistic Society of America

126
Q

What school was described as structural and functional:

A

Prague school

127
Q

What kind of symbol bears physical resemblance(photograph..):

A

icon

128
Q

Flower (to dafodill, rose, lilly), superodinate term:

A

hypernym

129
Q

Word formation - cheat(V) > cheat (N):

A

convertion

130
Q

Word formations - zig zag:

A

reduplication - ablaut combination

131
Q

Word formations – SALT / radar:

A

shortening / acronyms

132
Q

Word formations - peddler > peddle:

A

back-formation

133
Q

Utiliztion of the means provided by the system of signs for the formation of utterances:

A

la Parole

134
Q

Co udělal de Saussure pro lingvistiku:

A

father of modern synchronically orientated linguistics, 3 interpretation of language: la langue (system of signs used by the community), la parole (conceptual, meaningfull utterances), le langage (langue+parole)

135
Q

Kdo se jako první zajímal o fonetiku:

A

ancient Indians?

136
Q

Variety of english:

A

register v. dialects

137
Q

Nejaky typ zkracovania napište:

A

a)clipping: e.g. ad from advertisement,
b) acronyms: e.g. NATO

138
Q

Example of autosemantical part of speech:

A

railway station

139
Q

Systematic study of the meaning of words

A

semantics

140
Q

Vyznamne dielo z middle english period:

A

Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

Unfinished Nation (11 decks)

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