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NRO > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Limbic system controls …

A

mood, emotion, feelings, and motivation

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2
Q

Limbic system pathways:

Hippocampus –> Mamillary body and Septal nuclei

A

Fornix

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3
Q

Limbic system pathways:

Mamillary body –> anterior N. Thalamus

A

mamillo thalamic tract

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4
Q

Limbic system pathways:

Amigdala –> Septal nucleus

A

Stria Terminalus

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5
Q

Limbic system pathways:

Midbrain via hypothalamus –> Forbrain

A

Medial forebrain bundle

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6
Q

Norepinephrine (NE) is made in what area of the Pons

A

Locus ceruleus

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7
Q

Serotonin (5HT) is made in what area of the midbrain and pons

A

Raphe nuclei

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8
Q

These hormones are involved in arousal and sleep wake cycles

A

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

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9
Q

Dopamine (DA) is active in what system and has what effect?

A

mesolimbic system, rewarding effect

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10
Q

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) sends DA neurons to…

A

nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdalal, septal nuclei

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11
Q

These drugs block DA reuptake which increases the conc. of DA at the synapse

A

cocaine and amphetamine

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12
Q

DA receptor blockers

A

decrease drug seeking behavior

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13
Q

lesion in the ventral tebental area or nucleus accumbens leads to

A

decrease drug seeking behvaior

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14
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is made in the

A

nucleus basalis and septal nucleus (both are lost in alshimers disease)

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15
Q

amygdala plays a role in

A

fear conditioning

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16
Q

lesions in the amygdala:

A

prevents fear conditioning

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17
Q

The following are characteristics of what disease:

Impairment in goal directed behavior
lack of emotion in decision-making (lack of risk aversion)
poor social judgement (antisocial behavior)
poor emotional control (increased impulsivity)

A

Prefrontal Lobe Syndrome

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18
Q

The Dorsolateral PFC plays a role in …

A

working memory

executive function

19
Q

The Orbital frontal cortex (OFC) plays a role in

A

amygdala projection

20
Q

The prefrontal cortex is ________ to the amygdala which is __________ to the hypothalamus

A

inhibitory

excitatory

21
Q

lesion of the hippocampus can cause

A 
anterograde amnesia (no new memories) 
temporally graded retrograde amnesia (loss of old memories)
22
Q

Lesion of the hippocampus can cause

A

explicit or declarative memory loss

sematic (facts) and episodic (experiences) memory loss

23
Q

lesion of the hippocampus will not cause loss of …

A

implicit memory (procedural or non declarative)

24
Q

The following are characteristics of what disease;

impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions
inability to judge “like” emotions (fear vs. anger, supprise vs. happy)
memory loss especially of information with emotional content

A

Urbach-Wiethe disease

dysfunction in the amygdala

25
Q

The following are characteristics of what disease;

re-experiencing phenomena (flash backs)
avoidance of situations parallel in initial trauma
hyperarousal (hypervigilance leads to increased anxiety)

A

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

26
Q

Etiology of PTSD

A

increased activity of the amygdala
decreased activity in the medial prefronal cortex
(medial prefrontal cortex inhibits the amygdala)

27
Q

Schizophrenia

Symptoms:

A

Positive: delusions, hallucinations (treatment only targets)
Negative: Social withdrawal

28
Q

hypothesis that schizophrenia is due to increased DA receptor activity

A

Dopamine hypothesis

29
Q

anti-psychotic that blocks DA receptors

A

Haloperidol

Side effects: parkinsonian like motor dysfuction

30
Q

atypical anti-psychotic
blocks DA receptor
blocks 5HT receptor
blocks glutamate reuptake

A

clozapine

31
Q

“glutamate hypothesis” phencyclidine (PCP) (angel dust) blocks what receptor

A

blocks NMDA glutamate receptor

Tx: increase glutamate receptor activity

32
Q

Neurochemica basis for depression:

“monoamine hypothesis”

A

decrease NE and or 5HT receptor activity

33
Q

anti-depressants:

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition
tricyclics (Imipramine)
SSRIs (Fluoxetine)

34
Q

anti-depressant:

blocks reuptake of NE and 5HT

A

Tricyclics (Imipramine)

35
Q

anti-depressant:

block reuptake of 5HT

A

SSRIs (Fluoxetine)

36
Q

The following are characteristics of what disease;

disorder of immediate memory
disorientation in space and time
confabulation –> fabrication

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

37
Q

causes of korsakoff’s syndrome

A 
chronic alcoholism
vitamin deficiency (B1 Thiamine)
38
Q

what part of the limbic system is damaged in korsakoff’s syndrome

A

mammillary body or mamillo thalamic tract

39
Q

The following are characteristics of what disease;

oral tendencies (all objects in the mouth)
changes in emotions (amigdala damage)
hypersexuallity (pathway to hypothalamus)
visual agnosia (psychotic blindness, inability to discriminate visual stimulus)
A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal cortex)

40
Q

The following are characteristics of what disease;

loss of memory
mood disorders; anxiety and depression
loss of motor function
complete loss of cognitive function

A

Alzheimer’s dementia

41
Q

Alzheimer’s dementia etiology

A

loss of cholinergic input to the hippocampus
loss of neurons in multiple brain areas
presence of neurofbrillary tangles (NFTs: phosphorylated tau proteins) and Beta-amyloid plaques

42
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer’s dementia that blocks acetochoinesterase

A

Donepezil (aricept)

43
Q

The following are characteristics of what disease;

progressive neuordegenerative disease caused by repeated head trauma
memory impairment: anterograde amnesia
executive dysfunction: goal-directed behaviors
depression
apathy
loss of impulse control, increase in aggressiveness

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

44
Q

Etiology of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

brain atrophy

NFTs present

NRO (22 decks)

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