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Life Aquatic > Life Histories > Flashcards

Life Histories Flashcards

1
Q

Life History

A

The lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction of an organism

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2
Q

Reproductive Strategies

A

Asexual and sexual reproduction

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3
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Offspring are genetically identical to the parents, an example of this is budding which eventually creates a clone of the body that separates, parthenogenesis is another way (where the unfertilized egg becomes an embryo on its own)

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4
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Offspring are a mix of genetic material from parents, some species that can reproduce sexually can also reproduce asexually such as three species of sharks

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5
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Where individuals possess male and female organs, can be simultaneous (the nudibranchs) or sequential (some fish, mollusks, and echinoderms)

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6
Q

Larval Life

A

Result of sexual production for many aquatic species, can be planktonic or nektonic, before metamorphosing into adult forms

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7
Q

Reproductive Effort

A

The costs of reproduction per unit of time, includes energy/nutrient requirements, gonad development, mate competition, moving to spawning areas, nesting, parental care // Varies across species, but needs to be balanced to be successful

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8
Q

Maximal Fitness

A

At intermediate reproductive effort, where the fewer number of offspring means higher chance of survival and where the smaller reproductive effort increases parental survival

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9
Q

Altricial (Parental Care)

A

Born sooner (lower stage of development), require more parental care

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10
Q

Precocial (Parental Care)

A

Born later (at a later stage of development), require less parental care

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11
Q

Iteroparous Species

A

Produce offspring more than once in their lives once they reach sexual maturity (there is a pre-reproductive stage, a reproductive stage, and then a post-reproductive stage)

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12
Q

Semelparous Species

A

Reproduce once and then die (salmon are an example of this), rely on the survival of the young to continue the species

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13
Q

K Species

A

Slow and steady, large body size, longer life spans, delayed maturity, low fecundity, few species, constant habitat

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14
Q

r Species

A

Live fast, die young, small body size, early maturity, high fecundity, numerous offspring, variable habitat, high levels of dispersal

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15
Q

Suite of Traits Related to Life History

A

Not always accurate anymore, but still useful concepts, r and K species

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16
Q

Dispersal

A

Movement of organisms between different locations and/or populations, includes migration, colonization, and gene flow // Some organisms can not disperse by themselves and rely on wind, animals, or currents

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17
Q

Passive Dispersal

A

Rely on something else to move you

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18
Q

Active Dispersal

A

You move yourself, like crabs in the intertidal areas, or fish

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19
Q

Temporal Dispersal

A

Dormancy period, did not understand this

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20
Q

Human Dispersal

A

Invasive species

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21
Q

Lecithotrophic Larvae

A

Dispersed only to a small degree by short-lived, yolk-dependent larvae

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22
Q

Planktotrophic Larvae

A

Dispersed great distances by longer-lived plankton-feeding larvae

23
Q

Viviparity (Sharks)

A

Gives birth alive

24
Q

Oviparity (Sharks)

A

Born in cases that hold the eggs

25
Q

Ovoviviparity (Sharks)

A

Eggs hatch inside the mother

26
Q

Dispersal (specifically)

A

Undirected movement of an individual to a new place

27
Q

Migration

A

Directed movement between specific places

28
Q

Free spawning

A

Has a number of costs for planktonic gametes

29
Q

Marine Parental Care

A

Could have free-swimming larvae, or guard and brood eggs, or brood young within body cavities, or have live birth like mammals

30
Q

Modules (Colonial Individuals)

A

In algae and corals, this is nonsexual reproduction where the clones are connected to each other and exchange nutrients

31
Q

Why Dispersal

A

Avoidance of crowding, dispersal to sites that are better trophically, hedging bets over many habitats

32
Q

Environmental Uncertainty

A

If uncertainty is high, new young will be less likely to survive, so there is a selective force for repeated reproduction (iteroparity) so that at least one year of offspring will survive

33
Q

Diadromous Species

A

Lives divided between residence within the freshwater parts of estuaries and in the open sea

34
Q

Anadromous Fishes

A

Spend most of their time in the sea, but breed in freshwater (e.g. salmon, shad, and sea lamprey) // more common in high latitudes

35
Q

Catadromous Fishes

A

Usually spend adult lives in fresh water or tidal creeks but move to the sea to breed (e.g. a specific genus of eels) // more common in low latitudes

36
Q

Philopatry

A

Species in which individuals tend to show a propensity to return to the general area of their birth

37
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

Males engage in competition with each other for mates

38
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

Females look for characteristics in males that are attractive for fitness

39
Q

Gonochoristic Species

A

Species that have two separate sexes

40
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

The development from unfertilized eggs; it occurs among several disparate phyla of animals

41
Q

External Fertilization

A

Aquatic species can take advantage of the buoyancy and mobility of the fluid medium to disperse gametes, so direct contact between male and female is not necessary (e.g. with corals)

42
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

A relatively rare strategy among aquatic organisms since the two sexes either need to join together before adulthood or the adults need to be mobile

43
Q

Univoltine Species

A

Producing one generation per year, emergence of adults is synchronized to a specific time of year

44
Q

Semivoltine Species

A

Life cycle extends over two years, emerge as adults at a specific, predictable time of year

45
Q

Multivoltine Species

A

Several life cycles per year, and are more likely to respond to specific water temperature levels as cues

46
Q

Marine versus Freshwater Strategies

A

Most marine benthos produce widely dispersing planktonic larvae, yet for river benthos this would be an inappropriate strategy since the offspring would be carried too far downstream

47
Q

Marine Crabs

A

Produce many thousands of eggs that are released into the water in a larval stage (zoea)

48
Q

Freshwater Crabs

A

Produce relatively few eggs, with each being considerably large than those of marine species, the female continues to carry the eggs in her abdomen

49
Q

Bivalve Molluscs (Marine)

A

Practices external fertilization, females release several million eggs that are plankton for 3 weeks to 6 months before settling onto a solid substrate

50
Q

Bivalve Molluscs (Freshwater)

A

Some species similar to marine cycle // Others: males release sperm into the water and females retain the eggs in pouches in her gills, larval stages practice parasitism on vertebrate hosts // Others: brood the young in the gill cavity of the females

51
Q

Intertidal Gastropods

A

Release pelagic egg masses (that were fertilized internally) that become plankton, although some species are ovoviviparous (keeping the eggs in a brood chamber until born), and others still produce a benthic egg mass (oviparity)

52
Q

Horsehair Worms

A

Mainly freshwater as adults, yet the larval stage parasitizes an aquatic host first that then becomes a flying or terrestrial adult (yet the horsehair worm remains as a parasite) // eventually the worm can compel the host to return to the water where the host returns as an adult

53
Q

Digeneans

A

Each stage of the life cycle requires a host, yet they are aquatic since there is an active free-living larval stage

Life Aquatic (18 decks)

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