Aquarium Visit Readings

Question 1

Conservation Psychology

Answer 1

Examines the relationships between humans and nature with an eye toward conservation, focusing on linking research to practice

Question 2

Principles of the CARE framework

Answer 2

Motivate and facilitate // Differentiate audiences // Maximize impact

Question 3

Motivate and facilitate (CARE principle)

Answer 3

To promote pro-environmental behavior, increase motivation to protect nature, reduce barriers to taking action, or both.

Question 4

Differentiate audiences (CARE principle)

Answer 4

Understanding the motivations of different audience segments enhances zoos’ ability to plan conservation engagement strategies and measure and interpret outcomes

Question 5

Maximize impact (CARE principle)

Answer 5

Maintaining a longer‐term connection beyond a visit or program, leveraging individual actions for change at a higher level such as government or industry, and partnering with other organizations to reach the greatest number of people

Question 6

CARE acronym

Answer 6

Cultivate caring,
Amplify intent,
Remove barriers,
Expand impact

Question 7

Intrinsic Motivations

Answer 7

Based on individual values and beliefs, e.g. taking action because they believe a healthy environment is important for future generations

Question 8

Extrinsic Motivations

Answer 8

Could be social influences or practical considerations, e.g. taking action because it provides cost savings

Question 9

Intrinsic Barriers

Answer 9

Lack of knowledge or lack of self-efficacy

Question 10

Extrinsic Barriers

Answer 10

Circumstantial things that make an action difficult or inconvenient, e.g. like driving less

Question 11

Value-Belief-Norm Theory

Answer 11

VBN takes into account the individual’s perception of their influence in mitigating an environmental threat, as well as their perception of a threat to their personal values

Question 12

Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 12

TPB offers three primary predictors of pro-environmental behavior: attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

Question 13

Campbell Paradigm

Answer 13

Describes pro-environmental behavior as a function of the relationship between environmental attitude and the difficulty of the behavior

Question 14

Community-Based Social Marketing

Answer 14

A process designed to create the circumstances that will result in a specific behavior, by increasing motivation, decreasing barriers, or some combination of the two

Question 15

Trans-Theoretical Model of behavior change

Answer 15

TTM outlines several stages of change, from pre-contemplation to contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance to termination

Question 16

Pre-Contemplation stage (TTM)

Answer 16

Not currently thinking about taking an action or unaware that their current behavior is problematic

Question 17

Contemplation stage (TTM)

Answer 17

Examining the current behavior and considering an alternative

Question 18

Preparation stage (TTM)

Answer 18

Intention to change the behavior in the near future

Question 19

Action stage (TTM)

Answer 19

Person is changing their behavior

Question 20

Maintenance stage (TTM)

Answer 20

Behavior has persisted for at least 6 months

Question 21

Termination stage (TTM)

Answer 21

Action is fully integrated in a person’s life

Question 22

Animal Ambassador Programs

Answer 22

Programs where zoo visitors are given the opportunity to learn about animal care, biology, and conservation while in close contact with wildlife

Question 23

Animal Ambassadors

Answer 23

Animals that have been trained by zoo or aquarium staff for public interaction, specifically to support educational and conservation goals

Question 24

Male Sea Lion (Tacoma)

Answer 24

A rescue from the Bonneville dam, a key salmon run, branded with a number, relocated to protect the salmon populations // weighs over 800 pounds

Question 25

Sea Otters at Aquarium

Answer 25

All three males, one younger pup abandoned in California and two older sea otters

Question 26

1895

Answer 26

NY Zoological society charters a free zoological park in NYC (later became the Bronx zoo)

Question 27

1896

Answer 27

Independent of the Bronx zoo opening, established the NY aquarium in Battery park area

Question 28

1902

Answer 28

NY Zoological society gains control of the NY aquarium

Question 29

1942

Answer 29

Robert Moses tries to demolish the old location of the NY aquarium in Battery park, stopped by war stuff

Question 30

1957

Answer 30

NY aquarium re-opens on Coney Island, and now charges admission

Question 31

1993

Answer 31

NY Zoological society becomes the wildlife conservation society

Question 32

Context for Zoo Creation

Answer 32

Late 1800s, period of rising interest in wildlife, nature, and conservation

Question 33

1860s

Answer 33

National park service created, and then in 1892 Yellowstone formed

Question 34

Sierra Club

Answer 34

first founded by John Muir in the late 1800s

Question 35

Goals of NY Zoological Society

Answer 35

Establishing a free zoological park // Promoting study of zoology // Preserving North American wildlife

Question 36

Lacey Act

Answer 36

A conservation law in the United States that prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed, transported, or sold

Question 37

Species in Aquarium

Answer 37

Around 75 at the start from the Bronx River, and then expanded to over 200 species and more than 2,000 specimens

Question 38

Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences

Answer 38

Established in 1965, continuing the education and research part, multidisciplinary facility (micro-nutrients, marine mammals, pharmaceuticals, viruses, etc)

Question 39

Wildlife Conservation Society

Answer 39

Non-governmental organization // Conservation and education priorities // Global and local impact

Question 40

NY Seascape Program

Answer 40

Local conservation efforts // Tagging sharks and whales // Restoring Bronx River // Hudson Canyon sanctuary

Question 41

Hudson Canyon

Answer 41

One of the largest marine canyons (for reference, much deeper than the Empire State Building) // It is a hotspot for marine biodiversity

Question 42

Threats to Hudson Canyon

Answer 42

Coastal urbanization // Noise pollution // Exploitation of oil, gas, and minerals // Nutrient and debris pollution // Hazards from shipping routes // Unregulated, destructive fisheries // Climate change

Question 43

Multi-use Marine Protected Area

Answer 43

Permanent ban on gas, oil, and mineral extraction // Maintaining fish and wildlife populations, yet also including viable and sustainable stocks for current and future regulated fishing and tourism // Increase ocean education/awareness and science/research efforts

Question 44

Conservation

Answer 44

Understanding human impacts and preventing extinctions // Many different techniques: using alternative resources, establishing protected areas, protecting biodiversity, hunting/fishing restrictions, restoration ecology, outreach

Question 45

Outreach

Answer 45

Anything that communicates scientific information to the general public (so docents standing at an aquarium, the infographics we made, etc)

Question 46

Fisheries Management

Answer 46

Emerged in 1871, when it was realized that fish stocks were NOT inexhaustible, the US Fish Commission led fisheries expositions that focused on local (native) and typically commercial species

Question 47

Captive Breeding & Reintroduction

Answer 47

One of the earliest conservation techniques (although usually for hunting and fishing populations to begin with)

Question 48

"Noah's Ark"

Answer 48

A concept of zoos and aquariums as genetic reservoirs that emerged in the 1970s and 80s, a last haven for species diversity

Question 49

Rehabilitation Centers

Answer 49

Wild animals nursed back to health, released into the wild, often work alongside stranding networks

Question 50

Methods of Education and Outreach

Answer 50

In park education // Online and social media efforts // School trips and summer camps