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Life Aquatic > Anthropogenic Disturbances > Flashcards

Anthropogenic Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Effects of Climate Change

A

Change of atmospheric heat, rearrangement of current systems, ocean warming, melting of glaciers and sea ice

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2
Q

Biological Effects of Climate Change

A

Stress on marine organisms and even ecosystems like coral reefs, rearrangements of strong community interactions, and loss of ecologically important species

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3
Q

Ocean Acidification

A

The addition of excess carbon dioxide to the oceans causes the acidification of oceans, which has negative physiological effects for all species but especially for those that rely upon producing calcified skeletons

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4
Q

Multi-decadal Oscillations

A

A major pattern observed throughout the world’s oceans // A fluctuation in air pressure characteristics, wind systems, sea-surface temperature, or other weather features // Occur on the scale of a few years to a decade

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5
Q

Climate Oscillations

A

Irregular alternations between coupled atmosphere-oceanic states that result in changes of wind systems, oceanic currents, and regional climate

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6
Q

El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

A

A major alternation of atmospheric pressure between the western and central-eastern tropical Pacific, helps to change wind systems and then surface oceanic currents, which might eventually trigger vertical movements like upwelling

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7
Q

North Atlantic Oscillation

A

Periodic shift of atmospheric pressure in the North Atlantic Ocean

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8
Q

Positive NAO Index

A

When the difference in atmospheric pressure is strong // Westerly winds are enhanced and the eastern Atlantic and Europe have cool summers and mild winters // Strong storms track eastward

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9
Q

Negative NAO Index

A

When the difference in atmospheric pressure is weak // the Mediterranean experiences more precipitation and storms across the North Atlantic are very weak

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10
Q

Arctic Oscillation Index

A

Reflects pressure shifts throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, and is strongly correlated with the NAO Index

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11
Q

Positive Arctic Oscillation

A

Polar region surface pressure is relatively low, a jet stream confined to the north keeps frigid Arctic air to very high latitudes

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12
Q

Negative Arctic Oscillation

A

Polar surface pressure is higher, which causes a shift of frigid air southward to middle northern latitudes

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13
Q

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

A

Shifts phases every 20 to 30 years, with warm waters found above 20 degrees N latitude in either the eastern or western Pacific Ocean // drives strong biological fluctuations

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14
Q

Examples of Human Agents of Disturbance

A

The direct effects of an oil spill, habitat damage by bottom fishing on the seabed, trampling across the seashore, eutrophication of sea basins, discharge of toxic substances

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15
Q

Drivers of Human Disturbance

A

1) human population fluctuations 2) resource use 3) technological developments 4) social organization and culture

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16
Q

Overexploitation

A

For food, pet trade, medicinal use, pearls, ambergris (perfume), collagens, lithium, manganese nodules

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17
Q

Earth Overshoot Day

A

The day in which we’ve used up all Earth can sustainably produce, everything after is a deficit, borrowing against the future

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18
Q

Climate Forcers

A

Physical processes that affect Earth’s climate; can be solar (so how much light reaches Earth) and orbital (so tilt and orbit changes that can cause ice ages and interglacials)
orbital is millennial scale // solar is century scale

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19
Q

Radiative Climate Forcers

A

Occurs when the balance of how much energy Earth radiates back into space compared to how much Earth absorbs is upset

20
Q

Negative Radiative Forcing

A

More heat leaves the planet

21
Q

Positive Radiative Forcing

A

More heat is absorbed by the planet

22
Q

Anthropogenic Climate Change

A

Human activities amplify positive radiative forcing, which increases global warming (caused by increased greenhouse gasses and land alteration/deforestation

23
Q

Anthropogenic Threats to Water Temperatures

A

Urbanization, reservoirs/dams/other construction, loss of trees and shade by water, and climate change

24
Q

Top Threats Overview

A

Climate change, exploitation, habitat loss/degradation, invasive species (huge issue in freshwater systems), pollution

25
Q

Effects of Climate Change (natural)

A

alters ecosystem composition and resource availability, leads to evolution and/or extinction, has affected human civilizations in the past

26
Q

Current radiative forcing of planet

A

Positive, because of human activities for the most part

27
Q

Heat being absorbed by oceans

A

Over 50% of excess heat is absorbed in the first 700 meters of ocean alone

28
Q

Warming Waters and Aquatic Biota

A

few are adapted to extreme temperatures, and there is a strong relationship between temperature and biological activities

29
Q

Effects of Rising Temperatures on Organisms

A

Life cycle timing
 Distribution of species
 Extinction of populations
 Species replacement
 Increase competition  climate regime shifts

30
Q

Abiotic Ramifications of Rising Temps

A

Changes in hydrological cycle
Increase in hypoxic conditions
 Marine
 Increased thermal stratification and lack of vertical mixing  Changes in ocean circulation patterns
 Loss of sea ice
 Rising sea levels
 Changes in salinity
 Acidification

31
Q

Changes predicted to occur in aquatic ecosystems

A

Population distribution
 Diversity and genetics
 Physiology and metabolic rates
 Morphology and body size  Population dynamics
 Productivity rates
 Interspecific relationships

32
Q

Top Threats again (cause it’s impt)

A

Climate change, exploitation, habitat loss/degradation, invasive species, pollution

33
Q

Extinction

A

the cessation of a population or an entire species, typically occurs when the last known individual of a species dies

34
Q

Causes of Extinction

A

changes in physical environment, community structure and interactions, or chance and disturbance

35
Q

Anthropogenic Extinctions

A

around 28% of assessed species by the IUCN are threatened

36
Q

Endangerment and extinction
risk varies by

A

 Species’ life histories
 Motility
 Geographical location
 Degree of human activity

37
Q

Inland Anthropogenic Extinctions

A

around 1/3 of freshwater fish are threatened with extinction, 1000 times more likely to go extinct

38
Q

By how much did diadromous fish decline since 1970

A

by 76%

39
Q

Marine Anthropogenic Extinctions

A

around 20 global extinctions, mainly mammals, birds, and invertebrates, around 100 local/regional

40
Q

Habitat Loss and Degradation

A

Can be modification and fragmentation (damming, water channelization, agriculture, urban development), greater impact to freshwater systems, and more coastal than marine

41
Q

Pollution

A

Contaminants in an ecosystem from industrial, agricultural, residential, or municipal sources

42
Q

Types of pollution source

A

one source (point source) or multiple (nonpoint source)

43
Q

Types of Pollution

A

could be plastics, heavy metals, agricultural runoff, or sensory from noise or light)

44
Q

Invasive Species

A

form of biological pollution, introduced, non-indigenous species that spreads rapidly, negative impacts on existing communities, today it is mostly human caused and it is almost impossible to eradicate once established

45
Q

What leads to the success of invasive species

A

lack of natural resources, low diversity of ecosystem, high disturbance levels

46
Q

Why we conserve and mitigate our impact on ecosystems

A

ecosystem services, love of nature, moral stance

Life Aquatic (18 decks)

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